Authority Catalogue
The sources behind every defensible recommendation
Browse the legislation, case law and regulatory guidance used across the Toolkit. Find the source, understand its relevance and follow it back to the official text.
Curated evidence, not an unstructured link library.
Use the catalogue as a source trail
Find the relevant authority, read why it matters, and follow the original-source link before relying on it in an organisational decision.
We've got 114 authorities here so far, with more joining as we publish them. Looking for something specific? Try ourfull-text search.
Authority catalogue v1.13.125 · data current as of 7 August 2026.
Adams v Edinburgh Rape Crisis Centre [2023] ETS 4102236/2023
Roz Adams, a rape crisis worker at Edinburgh Rape Crisis Centre, was subjected to investigation and disciplinary action after raising concerns about the…
Case lawScotland2023Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
ETS 4102236/2023 · Source: gov.uk
Akerman-Livingstone v Aster Communities (Supreme Court)
Supreme Court, 11 March 2015. FIVE Justices, unanimous on disposal: Lord Neuberger (President), *** LADY HALE (Deputy President — GIVES THE FIRST AND…
Case lawEngland & Wales2015Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2015] UKSC 15; [2015] 3 All ER 725 · Source: bailii.org
Allonby v Accrington & Rossendale College [2001] EWCA Civ 529
A college terminated the contracts of its hourly-paid part-time lecturers and re-engaged them through an agency as self-employed contractors in order to…
Case lawEngland & Wales2001Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2001] EWCA Civ 529; [2001] ICR 1189; [2001] IRLR 364 · Source: bailii.org
Anyanwu v South Bank Student Union (House of Lords)
House of Lords, 22 March 2001. FIVE Law Lords: Lord BINGHAM of Cornhill (LEADING speech, [1]-[20], on statutory construction), Lord Browne-Wilkinson [21],…
Case lawEngland & Wales2001Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2001] UKHL 14; [2001] ICR 391; [2001] IRLR 305 · Source: bailii.org
AP, Garçon and Nicot v France (Application Nos. 79885/12, 52471/13, 52596/13)
The European Court of Human Rights held that France’s requirement that applicants for legal gender recognition demonstrate the irreversible nature of…
Case lawECHR2017Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
Application Nos. 79885/12, 52471/13, 52596/13 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Approved Document T: Toilet Accommodation (2024 edition)
Building Regulations approved document (statutory guidance) supporting Requirement T1 of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations 2010 (Part T, inserted by…
LegislationEngland2024Status: SecondaryCertainty: Settled
Building Regulations 2010 — Approved Document T · Source: gov.uk
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 is the foundational authority on the judicial review of public body…
Case lawEngland & Wales1948Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[1948] 1 KB 223 · Source: bailii.org
B v France (Application No. 13343/87)
The European Court of Human Rights held that France’s refusal to allow a post-operative trans woman to amend her civil-status documents constituted a…
Case lawECHR1992Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
Application No. 13343/87 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Babula v Waltham Forest College [2007] EWCA Civ 174
Dr Babula made a disclosure about a colleague he believed had expressed sympathy for an act of terrorism. The allegation turned out to be mistaken. The…
Case lawEngland & Wales2007Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2007] EWCA Civ 174; [2007] ICR 1026 · Source: bailii.org
Badeck and Others [2000] C-158/97
The Hesse civil service law set binding targets for women's representation across departments, with flexibility as to how they were met and with…
Case lawEU2000Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
Case C-158/97 [2000] ECR I-1875; [2000] IRLR 432 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Bailey v Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd (County Court, Case No K03CL077, 2025)
A barrister (Allison Bailey) was de-registered by her veterinary practice because of her gender-critical beliefs expressed on social media. The County…
Case lawEngland & Wales2025Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
County Court Case No K03CL077 · Source: mfmac.com
Bailey v Stonewall Equality Ltd & Others (Case No. 2202172/2020)
Allison Bailey, a barrister at Garden Court Chambers, brought claims of discrimination because of belief against Stonewall Equality Ltd and Garden Court…
Case lawEngland & Wales2022Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
Case No. 2202172/2020 · Source: gov.uk
Bank Mellat v HM Treasury (No. 2) [2013] UKSC 39
The Supreme Court allowed the appeal of an Iranian bank against a Treasury direction under the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 that singled it out from all…
Case lawEngland, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland2013Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2013] UKSC 39 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Barry v Midland Bank plc [1999] UKHL 38
BARRY LOST: the House of Lords dismissed her appeal. Lord Nicholls held that the severance scheme "does not offend against the principle of equal pay for…
Case lawEngland, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland1999Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[1999] UKHL 38; [1999] 1 WLR 1465; [1999] ICR 859; [1999] IRLR 581 · Source: bailii.org
Bellinger v Bellinger (House of Lords)
BELLINGER LOST ON VALIDITY BUT OBTAINED A DECLARATION OF INCOMPATIBILITY: 'I would dismiss the appeal for the reasons they have given and make the…
Case lawEngland & Wales2003Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2003] UKHL 21; [2003] 2 AC 467 · Source: bailii.org
Blackburn v Chief Constable of West Midlands Police [2008] EWCA Civ 1208
Female police officers excused from 24/7 shift-working due to childcare responsibilities were denied a Special Priority Payment available only to officers…
Case lawEngland & Wales2008Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2008] EWCA Civ 1208; [2009] IRLR 135 · Source: casemine.com
Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 — sanitary facilities (Tech Handbook, non-domestic, April 2026 ed., s.3.12)
Scotland regulates sanitary provision through the Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004, given technical effect by the Building Standards Technical…
LegislationScotland2004Status: AuthoritativeCertainty: Settled
Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 (as amended); Scottish Building Standards Technical Handbook (non-domestic, April 2026 edition) s.3.12 · Source: gov.scot
Bull v Hall [2013] UKSC 73
Christian hoteliers Mr and Mrs Bull refused to let a double-bedded room to Mr Preddy and Mr Hall, civil partners, because their sincerely held religious…
Case lawUK-wide2013Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2013] UKSC 73; [2013] 1 WLR 3741 · Source: bailii.org
Chesterton Global Ltd v Nurmohamed [2017] EWCA Civ 979
Nurmohamed, a senior Chesterton sales manager, made disclosures about manipulated management accounts that he alleged affected commission entitlements of…
Case lawEngland & Wales2017Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2017] EWCA Civ 979; [2018] ICR 731 · Source: bailii.org
Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police v Khan (House of Lords)
House of Lords, 11 October 2001. UNANIMOUS — appeal ALLOWED. *** THE CLAIMANT LOST. *** This is an EMPLOYER-FAVOURABLE authority; the sympathetic facts…
Case lawEngland, Wales & Scotland2001Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2001] UKHL 48; [2001] 1 WLR 1947 · Source: bailii.org
Christine Goodwin v The United Kingdom (Application No. 28957/95)
The European Court of Human Rights Grand Chamber ruled that the United Kingdom's failure to alter the birth certificates of transsexual people and to…
Case lawECHR2002Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
Application No. 28957/95 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Coleman v Attridge Law LLP (Case C-303/06) [2008] CJEU
Coleman v Attridge Law established that the equal treatment protections in Council Directive 2000/78/EC are not confined to employees who are themselves…
Case lawEU2008Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
Case C-303/06 · Source: bailii.org
Corbett v Corbett (otherwise Ashley) [1970] 2 All ER 33
Arthur Corbett sought to annul his marriage to April Ashley, a trans woman, on the basis that the marriage was void because Ashley was biologically male.…
Case lawEngland & Wales1970Status: HistoricCertainty: Superseded
[1970] 2 All ER 33 · Source: en.wikipedia.org
Croft v Royal Mail Group plc [2003] EWCA Civ 1045
Court of Appeal case concerning Sarah Croft, a trans woman employed by Royal Mail, and access to female toilet facilities during transition. The Court…
Case lawEngland & Wales2003Status: PrimaryCertainty: Narrowed
[2003] EWCA Civ 1045 · Source: bailii.org
Data Protection Act 1998
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Data Protection Act 2018.
LegislationUK-wide1998Status: HistoricCertainty: Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Data Protection Act 2018
The UK's primary data protection legislation, supplementing the UK GDPR. Establishes the framework for processing personal data, including special…
LegislationEngland, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland2018Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
c.12 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Data Protection Act 2018 — Explanatory Notes
Official parliamentary notes explaining the purpose and effect of each section of the Data Protection Act 2018, including the relationship with the UK…
GuidanceEngland, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland2018Status: ReferenceCertainty: Settled
c.12 — Explanatory Notes · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Data Protection Act 2018, Schedule 1, Paragraphs 27–28 — Sport-Specific Processing Conditions
DPA 2018 Schedule 1 contains only two sport-specific conditions for processing special category data. Paragraph 27 covers anti-doping and paragraph 28…
LegislationUK-wide2018Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
Data Protection Act 2018, Schedule 1, Part 2, paras 27–28 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
De Freitas v Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Lands and Housing [1998] UKPC 30
DE FREITAS WON: the Privy Council allowed the appeal — "their Lordships will accordingly humbly advise Her Majesty that the appeal should be allowed",…
Case lawUK-wide1998Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[1998] UKPC 30; [1999] 1 AC 69 · Source: bailii.org
DH and Others v Czech Republic
THE APPLICANTS WON: the Grand Chamber held, by thirteen votes to four, "that there has been a violation of Article 14 taken in conjunction with Article 2…
Case lawECHR2007Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2007] ECHR 47 EHRR 3 (Application No. 57325/00) · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Disability Discrimination Act 1995
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
LegislationUK-wide1995Status: HistoricCertainty: Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Dobbie v Felton [2021] EAT (UKEAT/0130/20)
DOBBIE WON AT THE EAT: "Accordingly, the appeal is allowed on both grounds" [60]. The case concerned a solicitor who raised concerns about…
Case lawEngland & Wales2021Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2021] UKEAT/0130/20 · Source: bailii.org
Education (Independent School Standards) Regulations 2014
Secondary legislation (SI 2014/3283, in force 5 January 2015) prescribing the standards independent schools in England — including academies and free…
LegislationEngland2014Status: SecondaryCertainty: Settled
SI 2014/3283 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
EHRC Code of Practice — Services, Public Functions and Associations (2026)
Statutory Code of Practice issued by the EHRC under s.14 Equality Act 2006, governing services, public functions and associations. The Code establishes…
GuidanceEngland, Wales & Scotland2026Status: AuthoritativeCertainty: Evolving
Presented to Parliament pursuant to s.14 Equality Act 2006. ISBN 978-1-5286-6395-3. E03578801 05/26. Laid 21 May 2026. · Source: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
EHRC Employment Code of Practice — Supplement
Supplementary guidance accompanying the EHRC Employment Statutory Code of Practice. Provides additional worked examples and detailed scenarios…
GuidanceEngland, Wales & Scotland2011Status: AuthoritativeCertainty: Evolving
Statutory Code Supplement · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
EHRC Employment Statutory Code of Practice (2011)
The EHRC's statutory code of practice on employment, issued under the Equality Act 2010. Provides detailed practical guidance on how the Act applies in…
GuidanceEngland, Wales & Scotland2011Status: AuthoritativeCertainty: Evolving
Statutory Code of Practice · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
EHRC Services Code of Practice — Supplement
Supplementary guidance accompanying the EHRC Services Statutory Code of Practice. Provides additional worked examples and detailed scenarios for services,…
GuidanceEngland, Wales & Scotland2011Status: HistoricCertainty: Superseded
Statutory Code Supplement · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
EHRC Services, Public Functions and Associations Statutory Code of Practice (2011)
The EHRC's statutory code of practice on services, public functions and associations. Covers how the Equality Act 2010 applies to the provision of…
GuidanceEngland, Wales & Scotland2011Status: HistoricCertainty: Superseded
Statutory Code of Practice · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
LegislationUK-wide2003Status: HistoricCertainty: Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
LegislationUK-wide2003Status: HistoricCertainty: Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 1996, Part IVA — Protected Disclosures (ss.43A–43L)
Part IVA of the Employment Rights Act 1996 establishes the categories of qualifying disclosure, the reasonable-belief and public-interest tests, the…
LegislationEngland, Wales & Scotland1998Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
c.18, Part IVA (ss.43A–43L) · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 2025
Major Act reshaping UK employment rights. Repeals most of the Trade Union Act 2016 (in force 18 February 2026); introduces day-1 protected disclosures on…
LegislationEngland, Wales & Scotland2025Status: PrimaryCertainty: Evolving
c.X (Royal Assent 18 December 2025) · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 2025 (Commencement No. 1) Regulations 2026
Brings into force the first set of ERA 2025 provisions: those operative immediately on Royal Assent (18 December 2025) and those operative on 18 February…
LegislationUK-wide2026Status: SecondaryCertainty: Settled
SI 2026/3 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 2025 (Commencement No. 2 and Amendment) Regulations 2026
Brings into force the 6 April 2026 tranche of ERA 2025 provisions, including s.23 (sexual-harassment protected disclosures), day-1 statutory sick pay…
LegislationUK-wide2026Status: SecondaryCertainty: Settled
SI 2026/323 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 2025, section 23 — Protected disclosures relating to sexual harassment
Amends the whistleblowing framework in ERA 1996 Part IVA to make explicit that disclosures about sexual harassment qualify as protected disclosures.…
LegislationEngland, Wales & Scotland2025Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
ERA 2025, s.23 (in force 6 April 2026) · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Equality Act 2010
The principal UK anti-discrimination statute. Consolidates previous equality legislation into a single Act. Defines nine protected characteristics…
LegislationEngland, Wales & Scotland2010Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
c.15 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Equality Act 2010 — Explanatory Notes
Official parliamentary notes explaining the purpose and effect of each section of the Equality Act 2010. Frequently cited by courts and tribunals when…
GuidanceEngland, Wales & Scotland2010Status: AuthoritativeCertainty: Settled
c.15 — Explanatory Notes · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Essop v Home Office [2017] UKSC 27
The Supreme Court held that to establish indirect discrimination under the Equality Act 2010, a claimant does not need to prove the reason why a…
Case lawEngland, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland2017Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2017] UKSC 27 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Eweida and Others v United Kingdom [2013] ECHR 37
The Strasbourg Court considered four joined applications by Christian applicants complaining of religious discrimination in employment (Eweida, a British…
Case lawECHR2013Status: AuthoritativeCertainty: Settled
[2013] ECHR 37; (2013) 57 EHRR 8; [2013] IRLR 231 (Applications 48420/10, 59842/10, 51671/10, 36516/10) · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
For Women Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers [2025] UKSC 16
The UK Supreme Court unanimously held that references to 'sex' and related terms ('man', 'woman') in the Equality Act 2010 refer to biological sex, not…
Case lawEngland, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland2025Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2025] UKSC 16 · Source: supremecourt.uk
For Women Scotland v Scottish Ministers (Inner House)
Second Division, Inner House, Court of Session, 1 November 2023. Single unanimous OPINION OF THE COURT delivered by LADY DORRIAN, the Lord Justice Clerk,…
Case lawScotland2023Status: HistoricCertainty: Superseded
[2023] CSIH 37; 2023 SLT 1216; P578/22 · Source: bailii.org
Forstater v CGD Europe & Others [2021] UKEAT/0105/20/JOJ
Maya Forstater's appeal against the employment tribunal's finding that her gender-critical beliefs did not qualify for protection under the Equality Act…
Case lawEngland & Wales2021Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2021] UKEAT/0105/20/JOJ · Source: gov.uk
Gender Recognition Act 2004
Enables transgender people to obtain legal recognition of their acquired gender through a Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC) issued by a Gender…
LegislationEngland, Wales & Scotland2004Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
c.7 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Good Law Project Ltd & Others v Commission for Equality and Human Rights [2026] EWHC 279 (Admin)
Judicial review brought by the Good Law Project and individual claimants (BOT, BNW, BBS) against the EHRC, challenging its interim guidance published…
Case lawEngland & Wales2026Status: PrimaryCertainty: Evolving
[2026] EWHC 279 (Admin) · Source: judiciary.uk
Grainger plc & Others v Nicholson [2009] UKEAT/0219/09/ZT
THE EMPLOYER LOST: the EAT dismissed Grainger plc's appeal and upheld the tribunal — "For these reasons I dismiss Mr Bowers' appeal, and uphold the…
Case lawEngland & Wales2009Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2009] UKEAT/0219/09/ZT · Source: bailii.org
Grant v HM Land Registry [2011] EWCA Civ 769
GRANT LOST ON THE DISCLOSURE COMPLAINTS: the Court of Appeal held that where the claimant had already chosen widely to reveal his sexual orientation, the…
Case lawEngland & Wales2011Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
[2011] EWCA Civ 769 · Source: bailii.org
Hämäläinen v Finland (Application No. 37359/09)
The European Court of Human Rights Grand Chamber held that Finland was within its margin of appreciation in requiring the applicant — who was married — to…
Case lawECHR2014Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
Application No. 37359/09 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Hampson v Department of Education and Science (House of Lords)
House of Lords, 7 June 1990 ([1990] UKHL 15). A Hong Kong-trained teacher was refused Qualified Teacher status because the Secretary of State applied an…
Case lawEngland, Wales & Scotland1990Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[1991] 1 AC 171; [1990] UKHL 15; [1990] ICR 511; [1990] IRLR 302 · Source: bailii.org
Hardys & Hansons plc v Lax [2005] EWCA Civ 846
LAX WON: the Court of Appeal dismissed the employer's appeal — "I would dismiss this appeal" — holding that the tribunal, not a…
Case lawEngland & Wales2005Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2005] EWCA Civ 846; [2005] ICR 1565; [2005] IRLR 726 · Source: bailii.org
Haynes v Thomson and Others [2025] EWCC 50
A trans woman with a Gender Recognition Certificate was excluded from women's pool competitions after the English Blackball Pool Federation changed its…
Case lawEngland & Wales2025Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Evolving
[2025] EWCC 50 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Higgs v Farmor's School [2025] EWCA Civ 109
The Court of Appeal allowed the appeal of a school pastoral assistant who had been dismissed after sharing social media posts critical of gender-identity…
Case lawEngland & Wales2025Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2025] EWCA Civ 109 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Homer v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [2012] UKSC 15
The claimant was required to hold a law degree to reach the highest pay grade at work. He could not complete the degree before retirement at age 65, so…
Case lawUK-wide2012Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2012] UKSC 15; [2012] ICR 704; [2012] 3 All ER 1287 · Source: supremecourt.uk
Huang v Secretary of State for the Home Department; Kashmiri v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2007] UKHL 11
HUANG WON; KASHMIRI ALSO SUCCEEDED: "We would accordingly dismiss the Secretary of State's appeal in Mrs Huang's case, and uphold the Court of Appeal's…
Case lawUK-wide2007Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2007] UKHL 11; [2007] 2 AC 167; [2007] 2 WLR 581 · Source: bailii.org
Human Rights Act 1998
Gives further effect to the rights and freedoms guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in UK domestic law. Public authorities…
LegislationEngland, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland1998Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
c.42 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Hutchison & Others v County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust (Case No. 2501192/2024 & Others)
Eight female nurses at Darlington Memorial Hospital claimed harassment related to sex and/or gender reassignment (s.26 EA2010), victimisation (s.27), and…
Case lawEngland & Wales2026Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Evolving
Case No. 2501192/2024 & Others · Source: judiciary.uk
I v The United Kingdom (Application No. 25680/94)
A companion case to Goodwin v UK decided by the same Grand Chamber on the same day (11 July 2002). The European Court of Human Rights held that the United…
Case lawECHR2002Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
Application No. 25680/94 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Identoba and Others v Georgia (Application No. 73235/12)
The European Court of Human Rights held that the Georgian authorities’ failure to protect participants in a peaceful LGBT International Day Against…
Case lawECHR2015Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
Application No. 73235/12 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
James v Eastleigh Borough Council [1990] UKHL 6
A married couple, both aged 61, visited a public swimming pool. The wife was admitted free (she had reached pensionable age of 60) but the husband was…
Case lawUK-wide1990Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[1990] UKHL 6 · Source: bailii.org
Jessemey v Rowstock (CA)
Court of Appeal, 26 February 2014. *** CAUSE TITLE: Jessemey v Rowstock Ltd & Anor — JESSEMEY (the dismissed employee) is the APPELLANT/claimant; Rowstock…
Case lawEngland & Wales2014Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2014] EWCA Civ 185; [2014] ICR 550 · Source: bailii.org
Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen [1995] C-450/93
The Bremen Land government operated a rule that where male and female candidates for a post were equally qualified, women were to be given automatic…
Case lawEU1995Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
Case C-450/93 [1995] ECR I-3051; [1995] IRLR 660 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
KB v National Health Service Pensions Agency [2004] C-117/01
The applicant, KB, and her partner (a trans man R) were prevented by UK law from marrying because trans people could not alter their legal sex. This…
Case lawEU2004Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
Case C-117/01 [2004] ECR I-541; [2004] ICR 781; [2004] IRLR 240 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Keeping Children Safe in Education 2026
DfE statutory safeguarding guidance for schools and colleges in England, in force 1 September 2026, replacing KCSIE 2025. For the first time it embeds the…
GuidanceEngland2026Status: AuthoritativeCertainty: Evolving
Department for Education statutory safeguarding guidance for schools and colleges in England; in force 1 September 2026; replaces KCSIE 2025. Consultation response published July 2026. · Source: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Kelly v Leonardo UK Limited (Case No. 8001497/2024)
B M Kelly brought claims of harassment related to sex, direct sex discrimination and indirect sex discrimination against Leonardo UK Limited. The Tribunal…
Case lawScotland2025Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Evolving
Case No. 8001497/2024 · Source: gov.uk
Kilraine v Wandsworth London Borough Council [2018] EWCA Civ 1436
Ms Kilraine, a school-improvement adviser employed by Wandsworth LBC, made a series of communications which the tribunal and EAT held did not amount to…
Case lawEngland & Wales2018Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2018] EWCA Civ 1436; [2018] ICR 1850 · Source: bailii.org
L v Lithuania (Application No. 27527/03)
The European Court of Human Rights held that Lithuania’s failure to enact subordinate legislation giving effect to the gender-recognition framework…
Case lawECHR2007Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
Application No. 27527/03 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Ladele v London Borough of Islington [2009] EWCA Civ 1357
Ladele establishes that a public authority employer does not discriminate against a religious employee by requiring her to perform all statutory duties,…
Case lawEngland & Wales2009Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2009] EWCA Civ 1357; [2010] 1 WLR 955; [2010] ICR 532; [2010] IRLR 211 · Source: bailii.org
Lockwood v Cheshire and Wirral NHS Foundation Trust [2025] ET 2401211/2024
A non-binary individual assigned female at birth who used they/them pronouns but had no intention of transitioning to male brought claims of gender…
Case lawEngland & Wales2025Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Evolving
ET 2401211/2024 & 2407178/2024 · Source: gov.uk
LS v NHS England — Employment Tribunal judgment (Leeds, Case No 1802318/2024)
First reported Employment Tribunal decision applying For Women Scotland [2025] UKSC 16 and R (Good Law Project) v EHRC [2026] EWHC 279 (Admin) together to…
Case lawEngland & Wales2026Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Evolving
ET Leeds, Case No 1802318/2024
Mackereth v Department for Work and Pensions [2022] EAT 99
Dr Mackereth, a DWP health assessor, refused on grounds of Christian belief to use transgender service users' preferred pronouns. MACKERETH LOST: the EAT…
Case lawEngland & Wales2022Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
[2022] EAT 99 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Marschall v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1997] C-409/95
A North Rhine-Westphalia rule gave women priority over equally-qualified men in promotion where women were under-represented, but contained a 'saving…
Case lawEU1997Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
Case C-409/95 [1997] ECR I-6363; [1997] IRLR 39 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Meade v Westminster CC & Social Work England (ET)
London Central ET. Liability judgment dated 4 January 2024 (sent 8 Jan 2024); heard 5-14 July 2023. EJ Nicolle with Ms N Sandler and Ms P Breslin. Case…
Case lawEngland & Wales2024Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
Ms R Meade v (1) Westminster City Council (2) Social Work England, ET Case No 2211483/2022 (consolidated with 2200179/2022), London Central; EJ Nicolle with Ms N Sandler & Ms P Breslin; liability judgment Jan 2024; remedy Feb 2024 · Source: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Mr M Furlong v The Chief Constable of Cheshire Police [2019]
Cheshire Constabulary was held to have unlawfully discriminated against a heterosexual white male candidate by applying positive action under s.159 EA…
Case lawEngland & Wales2019Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
Case No. 2405577/2018 (ET, 25 July 2019) · Source: gov.uk
Nagarajan v London Regional Transport (House of Lords)
House of Lords, 15 July 1999. NOTE THE CAUSE TITLE: BAILII carries this as 'Swiggs and Others v Nagarajan' (Nagarajan is the appellant); 'Nagarajan v…
Case lawEngland, Wales & Scotland1999Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2000] 1 AC 501; [1999] UKHL 36 · Source: bailii.org
P v S and Cornwall County Council (Case C-13/94)
The Court of Justice of the European Communities ruled that dismissing an employee for undergoing gender reassignment constitutes discrimination on…
Case lawEU1996Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
Case C-13/94 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Parkins v Sodexho Ltd [2002] IRLR 109 (EAT)
A catering manager raised concerns about breaches of his own employment contract. The EAT (Altman J) held that a worker's disclosure of a breach of their…
Case lawEngland & Wales2002Status: PrimaryCertainty: Narrowed
[2002] IRLR 109; UKEAT/1239/00 · Source: employmentappeals.decisions.tribunals.gov.uk
Peggie v Fife Health Board & Dr B Upton (Case No. 4104864/2024)
PEGGIE PARTIALLY WON: the unanimous Judgment of the Tribunal found that "the claimant was harassed by the first respondent in four particular respects,…
Case lawScotland2025Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Evolving
Case No. 4104864/2024 · Source: gov.uk
R (on the application of Ayinde) v London Borough of Haringey
NO CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS; REGULATORY REFERRAL INSTEAD: the Divisional Court held that "the threshold for the initiation of contempt proceedings is,…
Case lawEngland & Wales2025Status: AuthoritativeCertainty: Settled
[2025] EWHC 1383 (Admin) · Source: bailii.org
R (on the application of Elan-Cane) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2021] UKSC 56
The appellant, a non-gendered person, challenged HM Passport Office policy requiring passport applicants to declare gender as male or female, with no 'X'…
Case lawUK-wide2021Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2021] UKSC 56; [2023] AC 559; [2022] 2 WLR 133 · Source: supremecourt.uk
R (Quila) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] UKSC 45
Two couples challenged an Immigration Rule (paragraph 277) that required both sponsor and foreign spouse to be aged 21 or over before a marriage visa…
Case lawUK-wide2011Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2011] UKSC 45; [2012] 1 AC 621 · Source: bailii.org
R (Z) v Hackney London Borough Council (Supreme Court)
Supreme Court, 16 October 2020. Unanimous (appeal DISMISSED). Five Justices: Lord Sales (leading judgment; Lord Reed, Lord Kerr and Lord Kitchin agreeing)…
Case lawEngland & Wales2020Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2020] UKSC 40; [2020] 1 WLR 4327 · Source: bailii.org
Race Relations Act 1976
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
LegislationUK-wide1976Status: HistoricCertainty: Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Rice v Wicked Vision Limited; Barton Turns Developments Limited v Treadwell
SPLIT OUTCOME ACROSS THE CONJOINED APPEALS: "The appeal in Wicked Vision is allowed and the appeal in Barton Turns is dismissed" [101]. The Court of…
Case lawEngland & Wales2025Status: PrimaryCertainty: Evolving
[2025] EWCA Civ 1466 · Source: bailii.org
Richards v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2006] C-423/04
The claimant, a trans woman who had lived and worked as female since 1991, was refused a state retirement pension at the age of 60 (the then-female…
Case lawEU2006Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
Case C-423/04 [2006] ECR I-3585; [2006] ICR 1181; [2006] IRLR 604 · Source: bailii.org
Rollett v British Airways & Others [2024] EAT 131
The EAT held that a claimant can bring an indirect discrimination claim under s.19 EA2010 even where they do not personally possess the relevant protected…
Case lawEngland & Wales2024Status: SecondaryCertainty: Evolving
[2024] EAT 131 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
School Premises (England) Regulations 2012
Secondary legislation (SI 2012/1943, in force 31 October 2012) prescribing premises standards for local-authority-maintained schools in England, including…
LegislationEngland2012Status: SecondaryCertainty: Settled
SI 2012/1943 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Sex Discrimination Act 1975
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
LegislationUK-wide1975Status: HistoricCertainty: Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Shamoon v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary [2003] UKHL 11
Chief Inspector Shamoon was stripped of her counselling and appraisal responsibilities for constables following Police Federation representations — a…
Case lawUK-wide2003Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2003] UKHL 11 · Source: bailii.org
Smith v Safeway plc [1996] ICR 868
Smith v Safeway plc [1996] ICR 868 is the Court of Appeal authority restoring the 'balanced package' approach to gender-differentiated appearance codes…
Case lawEngland & Wales1996Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Narrowed
[1996] ICR 868 · Source: bailii.org
Sutcliffe v Secretary of State for Education [2024] EWHC 1878 (Admin)
A maths teacher was struck off the teaching register by the Teaching Regulation Agency after deliberately misgendering a trans pupil and making adverse…
Case lawEngland & Wales2024Status: AuthoritativeCertainty: Settled
[2024] EWHC 1878 (Admin); Case No. AC-2023-LON-001788 · Source: judiciary.uk
Taylor v Jaguar Land Rover Ltd (Case No. 1304471/2018)
Rose Taylor, who identifies as gender fluid / non-binary, brought claims of harassment and direct discrimination against Jaguar Land Rover. The Employment…
Case lawEngland & Wales2020Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Evolving
Case No. 1304471/2018 · Source: gov.uk
Thlimmenos v Greece
Grand Chamber. Established that Article 14 ECHR is violated not only when states treat similarly-situated persons differently without justification but…
Case lawECHR2000Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2000] 31 EHRR 15 (Application No. 34369/97) · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Toshack v GEO Amey Ltd [2026] ET 8001392/2025
TOSHACK LOST: "The claimant's claims are therefore dismissed." The indirect-discrimination claim failed at the group-disadvantage stage, and although the…
Case lawScotland2026Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Settled
8001392/2025 · Source: gov.uk
UK General Data Protection Regulation
The UK's retained version of the EU General Data Protection Regulation. Establishes principles for data processing (lawfulness, fairness, transparency,…
LegislationEngland, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland2018Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
Retained EU Regulation 2016/679 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
UK v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2026] UKUT 81 (Hamid)
NO FURTHER REFERRAL MADE: the Upper Tribunal recorded that "We make no referral to the IAA or SRA as Mr Mohammed has already done this and there is no…
Case lawUK-wide2026Status: PersuasiveCertainty: Evolving
[2026] UKUT 81 · Source: bailii.org
Unite the Union v Nailard (Court of Appeal)
Court of Appeal, 24 May 2018. TWO-JUDGE panel: Underhill LJ (sole substantive judgment, [1]-[110]); Moylan LJ concurring in one line [111]. No dissent.…
Case lawEngland & Wales2018Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2018] EWCA Civ 1203; [2019] ICR 28 · Source: bailii.org
Van Kück v Germany (Application No. 35968/97)
The European Court of Human Rights held that the manner in which German civil courts evaluated evidence of the medical necessity of gender-confirming…
Case lawECHR2003Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
Application No. 35968/97 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Vento v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police (No. 2) [2002] EWCA Civ 1871
Vento is the leading Court of Appeal authority on quantum for injury to feelings in employment discrimination claims. The court held that awards must be…
Case lawEngland & Wales2002Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[2002] EWCA Civ 1871; [2003] ICR 318; [2003] IRLR 102 · Source: bailii.org
Warburton v Chief Constable of Northamptonshire Police
Employment Appeal Tribunal, judgment 14 March 2022 (hearing 24 Feb 2022). MR JUSTICE GRIFFITHS, SITTING ALONE (confirmed — no lay members at the EAT; the…
Case lawEngland & Wales2022Status: AuthoritativeCertainty: Settled
[2022] EAT 42; [2022] ICR 925 · Source: bailii.org
Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (No.2) [1995] UKHL 13
WEBB WON: "for these reasons I would allow the appeal and remit the case to the Industrial Tribunal to assess compensation." The orders below were set…
Case lawUK-wide1995Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
[1995] UKHL 13 · Source: bailii.org
Welsh Building Regulations — sanitary/access (AD G, AD M; no Part T)
Building regulations are devolved to Wales, which maintains its own Approved Documents under the SHARED GB Building Regulations 2010 (SI 2010/2214),…
LegislationWales2010Status: AuthoritativeCertainty: Settled
Building Regulations 2010 (Wales); Welsh Approved Documents G and M · Source: gov.wales
Worker Protection (Amendment of Equality Act 2010) Act 2023 — inserting EA2010 s.40A (preventative duty on sexual harassment)
The Worker Protection Act 2023 amends the Equality Act 2010 to introduce a new preventative duty on employers. Under EA2010 s.40A (inserted by WPA 2023),…
LegislationEngland, Wales & Scotland2023Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
c.51 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992
Regulations under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 setting minimum standards for workplace welfare, including sanitary conveniences, washing…
LegislationEngland, Wales & Scotland1992Status: SecondaryCertainty: Settled
SI 1992/3004 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
X and Y v Romania (Application Nos. 2145/16 and 20607/16)
The European Court of Human Rights held that Romania’s requirement of surgical gender-confirming intervention as a precondition for changing civil-status…
Case lawECHR2021Status: PrimaryCertainty: Settled
Application Nos. 2145/16, 20607/16 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
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