Authority Catalogue
The sources behind every defensible recommendation
Browse the legislation, case law and regulatory guidance used across the Toolkit. Find the source, understand its relevance and follow it back to the official text.
Curated evidence, not an unstructured link library.
Use the catalogue as a source trail
Find the relevant authority, read why it matters, and follow the original-source link before relying on it in an organisational decision.
We've got 125 authorities here so far, with more joining as we publish them. Looking for something specific? Try our full-text search.
Authority catalogue v1.13.298 · data current as of 11 October 2026.
Abrahamsson and Anderson v Fogelqvist [2000] C-407/98
A Swedish regulation permitted the appointment of a candidate from the under-represented sex even where their qualifications were inferior, provided the…
Case law
EU
2000
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
Case C-407/98 [2000] ECR I-5539; [2000] IRLR 732 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Acas Code of Practice on Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures (2015)
The statutory Acas Code of Practice on disciplinary and grievance procedures, issued under TULRCA 1992 s.199 and in effect from 11 March 2015. Paragraphs…
Guidance
England, Wales & Scotland
2015
Status:
Authoritative
Certainty:
Evolving
Statutory Code of Practice issued by Acas under TULRCA 1992 s.199; in effect 11 March 2015 (SI 2015/649) · Source: acas.org.uk
Adams v Edinburgh Rape Crisis Centre [2023] ETS 4102236/2023
Roz Adams, a rape crisis worker at Edinburgh Rape Crisis Centre, was subjected to investigation and disciplinary action after raising concerns about the…
Case law
Scotland
2023
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
ETS 4102236/2023 · Source: gov.uk
Akerman-Livingstone v Aster Communities (Supreme Court)
The Supreme Court held that a disability discrimination defence to a possession claim under the Equality Act 2010 is different in kind from an Article 8…
Case law
England & Wales
2015
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2015] UKSC 15; [2015] 3 All ER 725 · Source: bailii.org
Allonby v Accrington & Rossendale College [2001] EWCA Civ 529
A college terminated the contracts of its hourly-paid part-time lecturers and re-engaged them through an agency as self-employed contractors in order to…
Case law
England & Wales
2001
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2001] EWCA Civ 529; [2001] ICR 1189; [2001] IRLR 364 · Source: bailii.org
Anyanwu v South Bank Student Union (House of Lords)
The House of Lords allowed the appeal of two dismissed student-union officers and sent their claim, that their university had 'knowingly aided' their…
Case law
England & Wales
2001
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2001] UKHL 14; [2001] ICR 391; [2001] IRLR 305 · Source: bailii.org
AP, Garçon and Nicot v France (Application Nos. 79885/12, 52471/13, 52596/13)
The European Court of Human Rights held that France’s requirement that applicants for legal gender recognition demonstrate the irreversible nature of…
Case law
ECHR
2017
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
Application Nos. 79885/12, 52471/13, 52596/13 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Approved Document T: Toilet Accommodation (2024 edition)
Building Regulations approved document (statutory guidance) supporting Requirement T1 of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations 2010 (Part T, inserted by…
Legislation
England
2024
Status:
Secondary
Certainty:
Settled
Building Regulations 2010 — Approved Document T · Source: gov.uk
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 is the foundational authority on the judicial review of public body…
Case law
England & Wales
1948
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[1948] 1 KB 223 · Source: bailii.org
B v France (Application No. 13343/87)
The European Court of Human Rights held that France was in breach of Article 8 (right to respect for private life) on the applicant's daily situation…
Case law
ECHR
1992
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
Application No. 13343/87 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Babula v Waltham Forest College [2007] EWCA Civ 174
Dr Babula made a disclosure about a colleague he believed had expressed sympathy for an act of terrorism. The allegation turned out to be mistaken. The…
Case law
England & Wales
2007
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2007] EWCA Civ 174; [2007] ICR 1026 · Source: bailii.org
Badeck and Others [2000] C-158/97
The Hesse civil service law set binding targets for women's representation across departments, with flexibility as to how they were met and with…
Case law
EU
2000
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
Case C-158/97 [2000] ECR I-1875; [2000] IRLR 432 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Bailey v Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd (County Court, Case No K03CL077, 2025)
A barrister (Allison Bailey) was de-registered by her veterinary practice because of her gender-critical beliefs expressed on social media. The County…
Case law
England & Wales
2025
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
County Court Case No K03CL077 · Source: mfmac.com
Bailey v Stonewall Equality Ltd & Ors [2024] EAT 119, [2025] ICR 46
The EAT (Bourne J) dismissed Allison Bailey's appeal against the ET's dismissal of her claim against Stonewall, and in the course of doing so reasoned…
Case law
England & Wales
2024
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2024] EAT 119; [2025] ICR 46 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Bailey v Stonewall Equality Ltd & Ors [2025] EWCA Civ 1662
The Court of Appeal dismissed Allison Bailey's appeal against the EAT, and in doing so put on the record, in the plainest words any appellate court has…
Case law
England & Wales
2025
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2025] EWCA Civ 1662 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Bailey v Stonewall Equality Ltd & Others (Case No. 2202172/2020)
Allison Bailey, a barrister at Garden Court Chambers, brought claims of discrimination because of belief against Stonewall Equality Ltd and Garden Court…
Case law
England & Wales
2022
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
Case No. 2202172/2020 · Source: gov.uk
Bank Mellat v HM Treasury (No. 2) [2013] UKSC 39
The Supreme Court allowed the appeal of an Iranian bank against a Treasury direction under the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 that singled it out from all…
Case law
England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland
2013
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2013] UKSC 39 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Barry v Midland Bank plc [1999] UKHL 38
BARRY LOST: the House of Lords dismissed her appeal. Lord Nicholls held that the severance scheme "does not offend against the principle of equal pay for…
Case law
England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland
1999
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[1999] UKHL 38; [1999] 1 WLR 1465; [1999] ICR 859; [1999] IRLR 581 · Source: bailii.org
Bellinger v Bellinger (House of Lords)
The House of Lords held that Mrs Bellinger's marriage was not valid on the law as it then stood, but declared section 11(c) of the Matrimonial Causes Act…
Case law
England & Wales
2003
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2003] UKHL 21; [2003] 2 AC 467 · Source: bailii.org
Blackburn v Chief Constable of West Midlands Police [2008] EWCA Civ 1208
Female police officers excused from 24/7 shift-working due to childcare responsibilities were denied a Special Priority Payment available only to officers…
Case law
England & Wales
2008
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2008] EWCA Civ 1208; [2009] IRLR 135 · Source: casemine.com
British Airways plc v Rollett and others [2024] EAT 131
The EAT held that a claimant can bring an indirect discrimination claim under s.19 EA2010 even where they do not personally possess the relevant protected…
Case law
England & Wales
2024
Status:
Secondary
Certainty:
Evolving
[2024] EAT 131 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 — sanitary facilities (Tech Handbook, non-domestic, April 2026 ed., s.3.12)
In Scotland, building standards guidance says separate male and female sanitary accommodation is usually provided: a default, not an absolute mandate.…
Legislation
Scotland
2004
Status:
Authoritative
Certainty:
Settled
Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 (as amended); Scottish Building Standards Technical Handbook (non-domestic, April 2026 edition) s.3.12 · Source: gov.scot
Bull v Hall [2013] UKSC 73
Christian hoteliers Mr and Mrs Bull refused to let a double-bedded room to Mr Preddy and Mr Hall, civil partners, because their sincerely held religious…
Case law
UK-wide
2013
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2013] UKSC 73; [2013] 1 WLR 3741 · Source: bailii.org
Chessington World of Adventures Ltd v Reed [1998] ICR 97 (EAT)
EAT (HHJ Peter Clark presiding), judgment delivered 27 June 1997, dismissing the employer’s appeal and making no order on the cross-appeal. Ms Reed, a…
Case law
England, Wales & Scotland
1998
Status:
Historic
Certainty:
Superseded
[1998] ICR 97; EAT/1063/96 · Source: bailii.org
Chesterton Global Ltd v Nurmohamed [2017] EWCA Civ 979
Nurmohamed, a senior Chesterton sales manager, made disclosures about manipulated management accounts that he alleged affected commission entitlements of…
Case law
England & Wales
2017
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2017] EWCA Civ 979; [2018] ICR 731 · Source: bailii.org
Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police v Khan (House of Lords)
The House of Lords unanimously held that a police force did not victimise Sergeant Khan by refusing him a reference while his race discrimination claim…
Case law
England, Wales & Scotland
2001
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2001] UKHL 48; [2001] 1 WLR 1947 · Source: bailii.org
Christine Goodwin v The United Kingdom (Application No. 28957/95)
The European Court of Human Rights Grand Chamber ruled that the United Kingdom's failure to give legal recognition to the gender reassignment of an…
Case law
ECHR
2002
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
Application No. 28957/95 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Coleman v Attridge Law LLP (Case C-303/06) [2008] CJEU
Coleman v Attridge Law established that the equal treatment protections in Council Directive 2000/78/EC are not confined to employees who are themselves…
Case law
EU
2008
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
Case C-303/06 · Source: bailii.org
Corbett v Corbett (otherwise Ashley) [1970] 2 All ER 33
Arthur Corbett sought to annul his marriage to April Ashley, a trans woman, arguing that the marriage was void because, for the purposes of marriage,…
Case law
England & Wales
1970
Status:
Historic
Certainty:
Modified By Statute
[1970] 2 All ER 33 · Source: en.wikipedia.org
Croft v Royal Mail Group plc [2003] EWCA Civ 1045
Court of Appeal case concerning Sarah Croft, a trans woman employed by Royal Mail, and access to female toilet facilities during transition. The Court…
Case law
England & Wales
2003
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Narrowed
[2003] EWCA Civ 1045 · Source: bailii.org
Data Protection Act 1998
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Data Protection Act 2018.
Legislation
UK-wide
1998
Status:
Historic
Certainty:
Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Data Protection Act 2018
The UK's primary data protection legislation, supplementing the UK GDPR. Establishes the framework for processing personal data, including special…
Legislation
England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland
2018
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
c.12 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Data Protection Act 2018, Schedule 1, Paragraphs 27–28 — Sport-Specific Processing Conditions
DPA 2018 Schedule 1 contains only two sport-specific conditions for processing special category data. Paragraph 27 covers anti-doping and paragraph 28…
Legislation
UK-wide
2018
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
Data Protection Act 2018, Schedule 1, Part 2, paras 27–28 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
De Freitas v Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Lands and Housing [1998] UKPC 30
De Freitas won, in the case that set out the three-part proportionality test: the Privy Council allowed the appeal — "their Lordships will accordingly…
Case law
UK-wide
1998
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[1998] UKPC 30; [1999] 1 AC 69 · Source: bailii.org
DH and Others v Czech Republic
The applicants, Roma children placed in special schools at disproportionate rates, won: the Grand Chamber held, by thirteen votes to four, that there had…
Case law
ECHR
2007
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2007] ECHR 47 EHRR 3 (Application No. 57325/00) · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Disability Discrimination Act 1995
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
Legislation
UK-wide
1995
Status:
Historic
Certainty:
Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Dobbie v Felton [2021] EAT (UKEAT/0130/20)
Dobbie, a solicitor who raised concerns about client-relationship charges, won a whistleblowing appeal at the EAT on the s.43G 'reasonable in all the…
Case law
England & Wales
2021
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2021] UKEAT/0130/20 · Source: bailii.org
Education (Independent School Standards) Regulations 2014
Secondary legislation (SI 2014/3283, in force 5 January 2015) prescribing the standards independent schools in England — including academies and free…
Legislation
England
2014
Status:
Secondary
Certainty:
Settled
SI 2014/3283 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
EHRC Code of Practice — Services, Public Functions and Associations (2026)
Statutory Code of Practice issued by the EHRC under s.14 Equality Act 2006, giving guidance on the Equality Act 2010 as it applies to services, public…
Guidance
England, Wales & Scotland
2026
Status:
Authoritative
Certainty:
Evolving
Presented to Parliament pursuant to s.14 Equality Act 2006. ISBN 978-1-5286-6395-3. E03578801 05/26. Laid 21 May 2026. · Source: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
EHRC Employment Statutory Code of Practice (2011)
The EHRC's statutory code of practice on employment, issued under the Equality Act 2010. Provides detailed practical guidance on how the Act applies in…
Guidance
England, Wales & Scotland
2011
Status:
Authoritative
Certainty:
Evolving
Statutory Code of Practice · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
EHRC Services, Public Functions and Associations Statutory Code of Practice (2011)
The EHRC's statutory code of practice on services, public functions and associations. Covers how the Equality Act 2010 applies to the provision of…
Guidance
England, Wales & Scotland
2011
Status:
Historic
Certainty:
Superseded
Statutory Code of Practice · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
Legislation
UK-wide
2003
Status:
Historic
Certainty:
Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
Legislation
UK-wide
2003
Status:
Historic
Certainty:
Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 1996 — family-leave eligibility provisions: s.57ZE (time off to accompany to ante-natal appointment), ss.71–75 (maternity leave) and ss.80A–80B (paternity leave: birth and adoption)
The statutory floor for the family-leave provisions a staff handbook reproduces. Section 57ZE gives an employee who has a qualifying relationship with a…
Legislation
England, Wales & Scotland
1996
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
c.18, s.57ZE (Part VI) and Part VIII Chapter 1 (ss.71–75) and Chapter 3 (ss.80A–80B), as amended to 6 April 2026 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 1996, Part IVA — Protected Disclosures (ss.43A–43L)
Part IVA of the Employment Rights Act 1996 establishes the categories of qualifying disclosure, the reasonable-belief and public-interest tests, the…
Legislation
England, Wales & Scotland
1998
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
c.18, Part IVA (ss.43A–43L) · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 2025
Major Act reshaping UK employment rights. Repeals most of the Trade Union Act 2016 (in force 18 February 2026); introduces day-1 protected disclosures on…
Legislation
England, Wales & Scotland
2025
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Evolving
c.X (Royal Assent 18 December 2025) · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 2025 (Commencement No. 1) Regulations 2026
Brings into force the first set of ERA 2025 provisions: those operative immediately on Royal Assent (18 December 2025) and those operative on 18 February…
Legislation
UK-wide
2026
Status:
Secondary
Certainty:
Settled
SI 2026/3 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 2025 (Commencement No. 2 and Amendment) Regulations 2026
Second commencement instrument under ERA 2025 (SI 2026/323), made in consequence of a defect in SI 2026/3. Regulation 3 brings into force on 6 April 2026:…
Legislation
UK-wide
2026
Status:
Secondary
Certainty:
Settled
SI 2026/323 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 2025, section 23 — Protected disclosures relating to sexual harassment
Amends the whistleblowing framework in ERA 1996 Part IVA to make explicit that disclosures about sexual harassment qualify as protected disclosures.…
Legislation
England, Wales & Scotland
2025
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
ERA 2025, s.23 (in force 6 April 2026) · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Equality Act 2010
The principal UK anti-discrimination statute. Consolidates previous equality legislation into a single Act. Defines nine protected characteristics…
Legislation
England, Wales & Scotland
2010
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
c.15 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Essop v Home Office (UK Border Agency); Naeem v Secretary of State for Justice [2017] UKSC 27
The Supreme Court held that to establish indirect discrimination under the Equality Act 2010, a claimant does not need to prove the reason why a…
Case law
England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland
2017
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2017] UKSC 27 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Eweida and Others v United Kingdom [2013] ECHR 37
The Strasbourg Court considered four joined applications by Christian applicants complaining of restrictions on manifesting their religion at work…
Case law
ECHR
2013
Status:
Authoritative
Certainty:
Settled
[2013] ECHR 37; (2013) 57 EHRR 8; [2013] IRLR 231 (Applications 48420/10, 59842/10, 51671/10, 36516/10) · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
For Women Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers [2025] UKSC 16
The UK Supreme Court unanimously held that references to 'sex' and related terms ('man', 'woman') in the Equality Act 2010 refer to biological sex, not…
Case law
England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland
2025
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2025] UKSC 16 · Source: supremecourt.uk
For Women Scotland v Scottish Ministers (Inner House)
The Inner House of the Court of Session held that a person with a gender recognition certificate in the female gender is a 'woman' for section 11 of the…
Case law
Scotland
2023
Status:
Historic
Certainty:
Superseded
[2023] CSIH 37; 2023 SLT 1216; P578/22 · Source: bailii.org
Forstater v CGD Europe and others (Appeal No. UKEAT/0105/20/JOJ)
Maya Forstater's appeal against the employment tribunal's finding that her gender-critical beliefs did not qualify for protection under the Equality Act…
Case law
England & Wales
2021
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
UKEAT/0105/20/JOJ · Source: gov.uk
Gender Recognition Act 2004
Enables transgender people to obtain legal recognition of their acquired gender through a Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC) issued by a Gender…
Legislation
England, Wales & Scotland
2004
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
c.7 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Good Law Project Ltd & Others v Commission for Equality and Human Rights [2026] EWHC 279 (Admin)
The High Court dismissed a judicial review brought by the Good Law Project and individual claimants (BOT, BNW, BBS) against the EHRC, challenging its…
Case law
England & Wales
2026
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Evolving
[2026] EWHC 279 (Admin) · Source: judiciary.uk
Grainger plc & Others v Nicholson [2009] UKEAT/0219/09/ZT
The employer lost in the case that set the Grainger criteria for protected philosophical belief: the EAT dismissed Grainger plc's appeal and upheld the…
Case law
England & Wales
2009
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2009] UKEAT/0219/09/ZT · Source: bailii.org
Grant v HM Land Registry [2011] EWCA Civ 769
Grant lost on the disclosure complaints: the Court of Appeal held that where the claimant had already chosen widely to reveal his sexual orientation, the…
Case law
England & Wales
2011
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
[2011] EWCA Civ 769 · Source: bailii.org
Hämäläinen v Finland (Application No. 37359/09)
The European Court of Human Rights Grand Chamber held that Finland was within its margin of appreciation in requiring the applicant — who was married — to…
Case law
ECHR
2014
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
Application No. 37359/09 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Hampson v Department of Education and Science (House of Lords)
The House of Lords gave a narrow reading to the statutory-authority defence in the Race Relations Act 1976 and allowed a teacher's appeal, but it did not…
Case law
England, Wales & Scotland
1990
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[1991] 1 AC 171; [1990] UKHL 15; [1990] ICR 511; [1990] IRLR 302 · Source: bailii.org
Hardys & Hansons plc v Lax [2005] EWCA Civ 846
LAX WON: the Court of Appeal dismissed the employer's appeal — "I would dismiss this appeal" — holding that the tribunal, not a…
Case law
England & Wales
2005
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2005] EWCA Civ 846; [2005] ICR 1565; [2005] IRLR 726 · Source: bailii.org
Haynes v Thomson and Others [2025] EWCC 50
A trans woman with a Gender Recognition Certificate was excluded from women's pool competitions after the English Blackball Pool Federation changed its…
Case law
England & Wales
2025
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Evolving
[2025] EWCC 50 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Higgs v Farmor's School [2025] EWCA Civ 109
The Court of Appeal allowed the appeal of a school pastoral administrator [1] who had been dismissed after sharing social media posts, mostly quoted from…
Case law
England & Wales
2025
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2025] EWCA Civ 109 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Homer v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [2012] UKSC 15
The claimant was required to hold a law degree to reach the highest pay grade at work. He could not complete the degree before retirement at age 65, so…
Case law
UK-wide
2012
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2012] UKSC 15; [2012] ICR 704; [2012] 3 All ER 1287 · Source: supremecourt.uk
Huang v Secretary of State for the Home Department; Kashmiri v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2007] UKHL 11
In joined article 8 immigration appeals, Huang won and Kashmiri also succeeded: "We would accordingly dismiss the Secretary of State's appeal in Mrs…
Case law
UK-wide
2007
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2007] UKHL 11; [2007] 2 AC 167; [2007] 2 WLR 581 · Source: bailii.org
Human Rights Act 1998
Gives further effect to the rights and freedoms guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in UK domestic law. Public authorities…
Legislation
England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland
1998
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
c.42 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Hutchinson & Others v County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust (Case No. 2501192/2024 & Others)
Eight nurses at Darlington Memorial Hospital claimed harassment (s.26), victimisation (s.27) and indirect sex discrimination (s.19) over changing-room…
Case law
England & Wales
2026
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Evolving
Case No. 2501192/2024 & Others · Source: judiciary.uk
I v The United Kingdom (Application No. 25680/94)
A companion case to Goodwin v UK decided by the same Grand Chamber on the same day (11 July 2002). The European Court of Human Rights held that the United…
Case law
ECHR
2002
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
Application No. 25680/94 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Identoba and Others v Georgia (Application No. 73235/12)
The European Court of Human Rights held that the Georgian authorities’ failure to protect participants in a peaceful LGBT International Day Against…
Case law
ECHR
2015
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
Application No. 73235/12 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
James v Eastleigh Borough Council [1990] UKHL 6
A married couple, both aged 61, visited a public swimming pool. The wife was admitted free (she had reached pensionable age of 60) but the husband was…
Case law
UK-wide
1990
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[1990] UKHL 6 · Source: bailii.org
Jessemey v Rowstock (CA)
The Court of Appeal held that the Equality Act 2010 protects former employees against victimisation, correcting an 'undoubted drafting error' [37] in…
Case law
England & Wales
2014
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2014] EWCA Civ 185; [2014] ICR 550 · Source: bailii.org
Jivraj v Hashwani [2011] UKSC 40
Supreme Court (Lord Clarke, with whom Lord Phillips, Lord Walker and Lord Dyson agree; Lord Mance concurring), 27 July 2011. A 1981 joint-venture…
Case law
England, Wales & Scotland
2011
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2011] UKSC 40 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen [1995] C-450/93
The Bremen Land government operated a rule that where male and female candidates for a post were equally qualified, women were to be given automatic…
Case law
EU
1995
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
Case C-450/93 [1995] ECR I-3051; [1995] IRLR 660 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
KB v National Health Service Pensions Agency [2004] C-117/01
The applicant, KB, and her partner (a trans man R) were prevented by UK law from marrying because trans people could not alter their legal sex. This…
Case law
EU
2004
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
Case C-117/01 [2004] ECR I-541; [2004] ICR 781; [2004] IRLR 240 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Keeping Children Safe in Education 2026
DfE statutory safeguarding guidance for schools and colleges in England, in force 1 September 2026, replacing KCSIE 2025. For the first time it embeds the…
Guidance
England
2026
Status:
Authoritative
Certainty:
Evolving
Department for Education statutory safeguarding guidance for schools and colleges in England; in force 1 September 2026; replaces KCSIE 2025. Consultation response published July 2026. · Source: gov.uk
Kelly v Leonardo UK Limited (Case No. 8001497/2024)
B M Kelly, a gender-critical woman, challenged Leonardo's policy of toilet access based on asserted gender identity (para 233). The Tribunal dismissed all…
Case law
Scotland
2025
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Evolving
Case No. 8001497/2024 · Source: gov.uk
Kilraine v Wandsworth London Borough Council [2018] EWCA Civ 1436
Ms Kilraine, a school-improvement adviser employed by Wandsworth LBC, made a series of communications which the tribunal and EAT held did not amount to…
Case law
England & Wales
2018
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2018] EWCA Civ 1436; [2018] ICR 1850 · Source: bailii.org
L v Lithuania (Application No. 27527/03)
The European Court of Human Rights held that Lithuania’s failure to enact subordinate legislation giving effect to the gender-recognition framework…
Case law
ECHR
2007
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
Application No. 27527/03 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Ladele v London Borough of Islington [2009] EWCA Civ 1357
Ladele establishes that a public authority employer does not discriminate against a religious employee by requiring her to perform all statutory duties,…
Case law
England & Wales
2009
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2009] EWCA Civ 1357; [2010] 1 WLR 955; [2010] ICR 532; [2010] IRLR 211 · Source: bailii.org
Lockwood v Cheshire and Wirral NHS Foundation Trust [2025] ET 2401211/2024
A non-binary individual assigned female at birth who used they/them pronouns but had no intention of transitioning to male brought claims of gender…
Case law
England & Wales
2025
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Evolving
ET 2401211/2024 & 2407178/2024 · Source: gov.uk
LS v NHS England — Employment Tribunal judgment (Leeds, Case No 1802318/2024)
First reported Employment Tribunal decision applying For Women Scotland [2025] UKSC 16 and R (Good Law Project) v EHRC [2026] EWHC 279 (Admin) together to…
Case law
England & Wales
2026
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Evolving
ET Leeds, Case No 1802318/2024
Mackereth v Department for Work and Pensions [2022] EAT 99
Dr Mackereth, a DWP health assessor, refused on grounds of Christian belief to use transgender service users' preferred pronouns. MACKERETH LOST: the EAT…
Case law
England & Wales
2022
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
[2022] EAT 99 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Marschall v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1997] C-409/95
A North Rhine-Westphalia rule gave women priority over equally-qualified men in promotion where women were under-represented, but contained a 'saving…
Case law
EU
1997
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
Case C-409/95 [1997] ECR I-6363; [1997] IRLR 39 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Maternity and Parental Leave etc. Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/3312) — maternity-leave conditions, periods and return (regs 4–18A), redundancy protection (reg 10), parental leave (regs 13–14) and unfair dismissal (reg 20)
The regulations that give the ERA 1996 maternity-leave sections (ss.71–75) their working detail and create ordinary parental leave. Regulation 2 defines…
Legislation
England, Wales & Scotland
1999
Status:
Secondary
Certainty:
Settled
SI 1999/3312 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Meade v Westminster CC & Social Work England (ET)
An employment tribunal upheld social worker Ms Meade's harassment claim against her employer, Westminster, and Social Work England over their response to…
Case law
England & Wales
2024
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
Ms R Meade v (1) Westminster City Council (2) Social Work England, ET Case No 2211483/2022 (consolidated with 2200179/2022), London Central; EJ Nicolle with Ms N Sandler & Ms P Breslin; liability judgment Jan 2024; remedy Feb 2024 · Source: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Mr M Furlong v The Chief Constable of Cheshire Police [2019]
Cheshire Constabulary was held to have unlawfully discriminated against a heterosexual white male candidate by applying positive action under s.159 EA…
Case law
England & Wales
2019
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
Case No. 2405577/2018 (ET, 25 July 2019) · Source: gov.uk
Nagarajan v London Regional Transport (House of Lords)
The House of Lords held, by a 4:1 majority, that victimisation does not require conscious motivation: it is enough that the protected act was a…
Case law
England, Wales & Scotland
1999
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2000] 1 AC 501; [1999] UKHL 36 · Source: bailii.org
P v S and Cornwall County Council (Case C-13/94)
The Court of Justice of the European Communities ruled that dismissing an employee for undergoing gender reassignment constitutes discrimination on…
Case law
EU
1996
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
Case C-13/94 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Parkins v Sodexho Ltd [2002] IRLR 109 (EAT)
An employee raised concerns about breaches of his own employment contract. The EAT (His Honour Judge J Altman) held that a worker's disclosure of a breach…
Case law
England & Wales
2002
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Modified By Statute
[2002] IRLR 109; UKEAT/1239/00 · Source: employmentappeals.decisions.tribunals.gov.uk
Paternity and Adoption Leave Regulations 2002 (SI 2002/2788) — reg 2 ("partner") and reg 4 (entitlement to paternity leave: birth)
The regulations that give ERA 1996 ss.80A–80B their operative eligibility conditions for paternity leave. Regulation 2(1) defines partner, in relation to…
Legislation
England, Wales & Scotland
2002
Status:
Secondary
Certainty:
Settled
SI 2002/2788 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Paternity Leave (Bereavement) Act 2024 (c. 17) — paternity leave where the child's mother or the adopter dies: qualifying period removed, leave preserved where the child also dies (amending ERA 1996 ss.80A, 80B and 80D)
A short amending Act. Section 1(2) provides: In section 80A (entitlement to paternity leave: birth), after subsection (6) insert a new s.80A(6A): In…
Legislation
England, Wales & Scotland
2024
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
2024 c. 17 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Peggie v Fife Health Board & Dr B Upton (Case No. 4104864/2024)
Peggie partly won her harassment claim: the unanimous Judgment of the Tribunal found that "the claimant was harassed by the first respondent in four…
Case law
Scotland
2025
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Evolving
Case No. 4104864/2024 · Source: gov.uk
R (on the application of Ayinde) v London Borough of Haringey; Al-Haroun v Qatar National Bank QPSC and QNB Capital LLC
The Divisional Court, hearing two cases together on lawyers' use of AI in documents put before a court, started no contempt proceedings and made…
Case law
England & Wales
2025
Status:
Authoritative
Certainty:
Settled
[2025] EWHC 1383 (Admin) · Source: bailii.org
R (on the application of Elan-Cane) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2021] UKSC 56
The appellant, who identifies as non-gendered and is categorised for legal and administrative purposes as female [2], challenged HM Passport Office policy…
Case law
UK-wide
2021
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2021] UKSC 56; [2023] AC 559; [2022] 2 WLR 133 · Source: supremecourt.uk
R (on the application of Green) v Secretary of State for Justice [2013] EWHC 3491 (Admin)
Judicial review by a prisoner at HMP Frankland (Category B) living in the female gender role without a gender recognition certificate, challenging the…
Case law
England & Wales
2013
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Evolving
[2013] EWHC 3491 (Admin) · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
R (on the application of Kaur and Shah) v London Borough of Ealing [2008] EWHC 2062 (Admin)
Southall Black Sisters had provided specialist domestic-violence services to Asian and Afro-Caribbean women since 1979, funded in part by the London…
Case law
England & Wales
2008
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Modified By Statute
[2008] EWHC 2062 (Admin)
R (on the application of McConnell and YY) v Registrar General for England and Wales [2020] EWCA Civ 559
Court of Appeal (Lord Burnett of Maldon LCJ, King LJ, Singh LJ), 29 April 2020, dismissing the appeals of Alfred McConnell, a trans man holding a gender…
Case law
England & Wales
2020
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2020] EWCA Civ 559 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
R (on the application of Sex Matters) v Director of Public Prosecutions [2026] EWHC 2449 (Admin)
The Divisional Court dismissed the charity Sex Matters' judicial review of the Director of Public Prosecutions' Deception as to Sex guidance for…
Case law
England & Wales
2026
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Evolving
[2026] EWHC 2449 (Admin) · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
R (Quila and another) v Secretary of State for the Home Department; R (Bibi and another) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] UKSC 45
Two couples challenged an Immigration Rule (paragraph 277) that required both sponsor and foreign spouse to be aged 21 or over before a marriage visa…
Case law
UK-wide
2011
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2011] UKSC 45; [2012] 1 AC 621 · Source: bailii.org
R (Z) v Hackney London Borough Council (Supreme Court)
The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal [117]. It held that a Jewish housing charity (Agudas Israel Housing Association) that allocated its housing to…
Case law
England & Wales
2020
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2020] UKSC 40; [2020] 1 WLR 4327 · Source: bailii.org
Race Relations Act 1976
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
Legislation
UK-wide
1976
Status:
Historic
Certainty:
Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Rice v Wicked Vision Limited; Barton Turns Developments Limited v Treadwell
The Court of Appeal gave a split outcome in conjoined whistleblowing appeals: "The appeal in Wicked Vision is allowed and the appeal in Barton Turns is…
Case law
England & Wales
2025
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Evolving
[2025] EWCA Civ 1466 · Source: bailii.org
Richards v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2006] C-423/04
The claimant, a trans woman who had lived and worked as female since 1991, was refused a state retirement pension at the age of 60 (the then-female…
Case law
EU
2006
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
Case C-423/04 [2006] ECR I-3585; [2006] ICR 1181; [2006] IRLR 604 · Source: bailii.org
School Premises (England) Regulations 2012
Secondary legislation (SI 2012/1943, in force 31 October 2012) prescribing premises standards for local-authority-maintained schools in England, including…
Legislation
England
2012
Status:
Secondary
Certainty:
Settled
SI 2012/1943 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Sex Discrimination Act 1975
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
Legislation
UK-wide
1975
Status:
Historic
Certainty:
Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Shamoon v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary [2003] UKHL 11
Chief Inspector Shamoon was stripped of her counselling and appraisal responsibilities for constables following Police Federation representations — a…
Case law
UK-wide
2003
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2003] UKHL 11 · Source: bailii.org
Smith v Safeway plc [1996] ICR 868
Smith v Safeway plc [1996] ICR 868 is the Court of Appeal authority restoring the 'balanced package' approach to gender-differentiated appearance codes…
Case law
England & Wales
1996
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Narrowed
[1996] ICR 868 · Source: bailii.org
Sutcliffe v Secretary of State for Education [2024] EWHC 1878 (Admin)
The Secretary of State for Education, accepting the recommendation of a Teaching Regulation Agency professional conduct panel, made a prohibition order…
Case law
England & Wales
2024
Status:
Authoritative
Certainty:
Settled
[2024] EWHC 1878 (Admin); Case No. AC-2023-LON-001788 · Source: judiciary.uk
Taylor v Jaguar Land Rover Ltd (Case No. 1304471/2018)
Rose Taylor, who identifies as gender fluid / non-binary, brought claims of harassment and direct discrimination against Jaguar Land Rover. The Employment…
Case law
England & Wales
2020
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Evolving
Case No. 1304471/2018 · Source: gov.uk
Thlimmenos v Greece
Grand Chamber. Established that Article 14 ECHR is violated not only when states treat similarly-situated persons differently without justification but…
Case law
ECHR
2000
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2000] 31 EHRR 15 (Application No. 34369/97) · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Toshack v GEO Amey Ltd [2026] ET 8001392/2025
TOSHACK LOST: "The claimant's claims are therefore dismissed." The indirect-discrimination claim failed at the group-disadvantage stage, and although the…
Case law
Scotland
2026
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Settled
8001392/2025 · Source: gov.uk
UK General Data Protection Regulation
The UK's retained version of the EU General Data Protection Regulation. Establishes principles for data processing (lawfulness, fairness, transparency,…
Legislation
England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland
2018
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
Retained EU Regulation 2016/679 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
UK v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2026] UKUT 81 (Hamid)
The Upper Tribunal set out the professional duty not to cite false cases and the privilege risks of uploading material to public AI tools. It made no…
Case law
UK-wide
2026
Status:
Persuasive
Certainty:
Evolving
[2026] UKUT 81 · Source: bailii.org
Unite the Union v Nailard (Court of Appeal)
The Court of Appeal dismissed both the union's appeal and Ms Nailard's cross-appeal: the union was liable for sexual harassment by its elected branch…
Case law
England & Wales
2018
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2018] EWCA Civ 1203; [2019] ICR 28 · Source: bailii.org
Van Kück v Germany (Application No. 35968/97)
The European Court of Human Rights held that the manner in which German civil courts evaluated evidence of the medical necessity of gender-confirming…
Case law
ECHR
2003
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
Application No. 35968/97 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Vento v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police (No. 2) [2002] EWCA Civ 1871
Vento is the leading Court of Appeal authority on quantum for injury to feelings in employment discrimination claims. The court held that awards must be…
Case law
England & Wales
2002
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2002] EWCA Civ 1871; [2003] ICR 318; [2003] IRLR 102 · Source: bailii.org
Warburton v Chief Constable of Northamptonshire Police
The EAT allowed Mr Warburton's appeal against a finding of no victimisation, holding that the employment tribunal had misstated the law on both limbs of…
Case law
England & Wales
2022
Status:
Authoritative
Certainty:
Settled
[2022] EAT 42; [2022] ICR 925 · Source: bailii.org
Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (No.2) [1995] UKHL 13
WEBB WON: "for these reasons I would allow the appeal and remit the case to the Industrial Tribunal to assess compensation." The orders below were set…
Case law
UK-wide
1995
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[1995] UKHL 13 · Source: bailii.org
Welsh Building Regulations — sanitary/access (AD G, AD M; no Part T)
In Wales, building regulations require adequate and suitable toilets and handwashing but do not require separate-sex toilets; separate-sex provision in…
Legislation
Wales
2010
Status:
Authoritative
Certainty:
Settled
Building Regulations 2010 (Wales); Welsh Approved Documents G and M · Source: gov.wales
Worker Protection (Amendment of Equality Act 2010) Act 2023 — inserting EA2010 s.40A (preventative duty on sexual harassment)
The Worker Protection Act 2023 amends the Equality Act 2010 to introduce a new preventative duty on employers. Under EA2010 s.40A (inserted by WPA 2023),…
Legislation
England, Wales & Scotland
2023
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
c.51 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992
Regulations under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 setting minimum standards for workplace welfare, including sanitary conveniences, washing…
Legislation
England, Wales & Scotland
1992
Status:
Secondary
Certainty:
Settled
SI 1992/3004 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
X and Y v Romania (Application Nos. 2145/16 and 20607/16)
The European Court of Human Rights held that there had been a violation of Article 8 because the procedure for legal gender recognition in Romania was not…
Case law
ECHR
2021
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
Application Nos. 2145/16, 20607/16 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
X v Mid Sussex Citizens Advice Bureau and another [2012] UKSC 59
Supreme Court (Lord Mance, with whom Lord Neuberger, Lord Walker, Lady Hale and Lord Wilson agree), 12 December 2012. A volunteer adviser at a Citizens…
Case law
England, Wales & Scotland
2012
Status:
Primary
Certainty:
Settled
[2012] UKSC 59 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
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