Authority Catalogue
The legislation, case law, and regulatory guidance we cite across the toolkit — each entry links to its source and carries a legal-review date.
We've got 122 authorities here so far, with more joining as we publish them. Looking for something specific? Try our full-text search.
Authority catalogue v1.12.27 · data current as of 8 June 2026.
ACAS: Discrimination and the Law
ACAS guidance on discrimination at work, covering all protected characteristics under the Equality Act 2010. Explains direct and indirect discrimination,…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2024 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Settled
Non-statutory guidance · Source: acas.org.uk
Adams v Edinburgh Rape Crisis Centre [2023] ETS 4102236/2023
Roz Adams, a rape crisis worker at Edinburgh Rape Crisis Centre, was subjected to investigation and disciplinary action after raising concerns about the…
Case law Scotland 2023 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
ETS 4102236/2023 · Source: gov.uk
Akerman-Livingstone v Aster Communities (Supreme Court)
The Supreme Court confirmed that the four-stage proportionality test from Bank Mellat v HM Treasury [2013] UKSC 39 applies to equality law assessments in…
Case law England & Wales 2015 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2015] UKSC 15; [2015] 3 All ER 725; [2015] AC 1399 · Source: bailii.org
Allonby v Accrington & Rossendale College [2001] EWCA Civ 529
A college terminated the contracts of its hourly-paid part-time lecturers and re-engaged them through an agency as self-employed contractors in order to…
Case law England & Wales 2001 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2001] EWCA Civ 529; [2001] ICR 1189; [2001] IRLR 364 · Source: bailii.org
Anyanwu v South Bank Student Union (House of Lords)
The House of Lords held that a claim alleging aiding unlawful discrimination under the Race Relations Act 1976 (now EA 2010 ss.111-112) should not be…
Case law England & Wales 2001 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2001] UKHL 14; [2001] ICR 391; [2001] IRLR 305 · Source: bailii.org
AP, Garçon and Nicot v France (Application Nos. 79885/12, 52471/13, 52596/13)
The European Court of Human Rights held that France’s requirement that applicants for legal gender recognition demonstrate the irreversible nature of…
Case law ECHR 2017 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
Application Nos. 79885/12, 52471/13, 52596/13 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Approved Document T: Toilet Accommodation (2024 edition)
Building Regulations approved document (statutory guidance) supporting Requirement T1 of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations 2010 (Part T, inserted by…
Legislation England 2024 Status: Secondary Certainty: Settled
Building Regulations 2010 — Approved Document T · Source: gov.uk
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 is the foundational authority on the judicial review of public body…
Case law England & Wales 1948 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[1948] 1 KB 223 · Source: bailii.org
B v France (Application No. 13343/87)
The European Court of Human Rights held that France’s refusal to allow a post-operative trans woman to amend her civil-status documents constituted a…
Case law ECHR 1992 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
Application No. 13343/87 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Babula v Waltham Forest College [2007] EWCA Civ 174
Dr Babula made a disclosure about a colleague he believed had expressed sympathy for an act of terrorism. The allegation turned out to be mistaken. The…
Case law England & Wales 2007 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2007] EWCA Civ 174; [2007] ICR 1026 · Source: bailii.org
Badeck and Others [2000] C-158/97
The Hesse civil service law set binding targets for women's representation across departments, with flexibility as to how they were met and with…
Case law EU 2000 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
Case C-158/97 [2000] ECR I-1875; [2000] IRLR 432 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Bailey v Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd (County Court, Case No K03CL077, 2025)
A barrister (Allison Bailey) was de-registered by her veterinary practice because of her gender-critical beliefs expressed on social media. The County…
Case law England & Wales 2025 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
County Court Case No K03CL077 · Source: mfmac.com
Bailey v Stonewall Equality Ltd & Others (Case No. 2202172/2020)
Allison Bailey, a barrister at Garden Court Chambers, brought claims of discrimination because of belief against Stonewall Equality Ltd and Garden Court…
Case law England & Wales 2022 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
Case No. 2202172/2020 · Source: gov.uk
Bank Mellat v HM Treasury (No. 2) [2013] UKSC 39
The Supreme Court allowed the appeal of an Iranian bank against a Treasury direction under the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 that singled it out from all…
Case law England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland 2013 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2013] UKSC 39 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Barry v Midland Bank plc [1999] UKHL 38
A severance scheme calculating payment by reference to final salary and years of continuous service was held not to constitute indirect sex…
Case law England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland 1999 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[1999] UKHL 38; [1999] 1 WLR 1465; [1999] ICR 859; [1999] IRLR 581 · Source: bailii.org
Bellinger v Bellinger (House of Lords)
The House of Lords held that a post-operative trans woman could not be treated as female for the purposes of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 s.11(c),…
Case law England & Wales 2003 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2003] UKHL 21; [2003] 2 AC 467; [2003] 2 WLR 1174; [2003] 2 All ER 593; [2003] 1 FLR 1043; [2003] UKHRR 679 · Source: bailii.org
Blackburn v Chief Constable of West Midlands Police [2008] EWCA Civ 1208
Female police officers excused from 24/7 shift-working due to childcare responsibilities were denied a Special Priority Payment available only to officers…
Case law England & Wales 2008 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2008] EWCA Civ 1208; [2009] IRLR 135 · Source: casemine.com
Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004: Sanitary Facilities (Technical Handbook s.3.12)
Scotland regulates sanitary provision through the Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 and the Building Standards Technical Handbooks (non-domestic),…
Legislation Scotland 2004 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Settled
Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004; Building Standards Technical Handbook (non-domestic) s.3.12 · Source: gov.scot
Building Regulations 2010 as applying in Wales — Welsh Approved Documents G and M
Building regulations are devolved to Wales, which maintains its own Approved Documents — AD G (sanitation, hot water safety, water efficiency; requirement…
Legislation Wales 2010 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Settled
Building Regulations 2010 (Wales); Welsh Approved Documents G and M · Source: gov.wales
Bull v Hall [2013] UKSC 73
Christian hoteliers Mr and Mrs Bull refused to let a double-bedded room to Mr Preddy and Mr Hall, civil partners, because their sincerely held religious…
Case law UK-wide 2013 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2013] UKSC 73; [2013] 1 WLR 3741 · Source: bailii.org
Chesterton Global Ltd v Nurmohamed [2017] EWCA Civ 979
Nurmohamed, a senior Chesterton sales manager, made disclosures about manipulated management accounts that he alleged affected commission entitlements of…
Case law England & Wales 2017 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2017] EWCA Civ 979; [2018] ICR 731 · Source: bailii.org
Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police v Khan (House of Lords)
The House of Lords considered victimisation under the Race Relations Act 1976 (now EA 2010 s.27). Held that for victimisation to be established, the…
Case law England, Wales & Scotland 2001 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2001] UKHL 48; [2001] 1 WLR 1947 · Source: bailii.org
Christine Goodwin v The United Kingdom (Application No. 28957/95)
The European Court of Human Rights Grand Chamber ruled that the United Kingdom's failure to alter the birth certificates of transsexual people and to…
Case law ECHR 2002 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
Application No. 28957/95 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Coleman v Attridge Law LLP (Case C-303/06) [2008] CJEU
Coleman v Attridge Law established that the equal treatment protections in Council Directive 2000/78/EC are not confined to employees who are themselves…
Case law EU 2008 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
Case C-303/06 · Source: bailii.org
Corbett v Corbett (otherwise Ashley) [1970] 2 All ER 33
Arthur Corbett sought to annul his marriage to April Ashley, a trans woman, on the basis that the marriage was void because Ashley was biologically male.…
Case law England & Wales 1970 Status: Historic Certainty: Superseded
[1970] 2 All ER 33 · Source: en.wikipedia.org
Croft v Royal Mail Group plc [2003] EWCA Civ 1045
Court of Appeal case concerning Sarah Croft, a trans woman employed by Royal Mail, and access to female toilet facilities during transition. The Court…
Case law England & Wales 2003 Status: Primary Certainty: Narrowed
[2003] EWCA Civ 1045 · Source: bailii.org
Data Protection Act 1998
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Data Protection Act 2018.
Legislation UK-wide 1998 Status: Historic Certainty: Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Data Protection Act 2018
The UK's primary data protection legislation, supplementing the UK GDPR. Establishes the framework for processing personal data, including special…
Legislation England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland 2018 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
c.12 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Data Protection Act 2018 — Explanatory Notes
Official parliamentary notes explaining the purpose and effect of each section of the Data Protection Act 2018, including the relationship with the UK…
Guidance England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland 2018 Status: Reference Certainty: Settled
c.12 — Explanatory Notes · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Data Protection Act 2018, Schedule 1, Paragraphs 27–28 — Sport-Specific Processing Conditions
DPA 2018 Schedule 1 contains only two sport-specific conditions for processing special category data. Paragraph 27 covers anti-doping and paragraph 28…
Legislation UK-wide 2018 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
Data Protection Act 2018, Schedule 1, Part 2, paras 27–28 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
De Freitas v Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Lands and Housing [1998] UKPC 30
A civil servant in Antigua challenged a statutory provision that prevented civil servants from publishing information or expressions of opinion on matters…
Case law UK-wide 1998 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[1998] UKPC 30; [1999] 1 AC 69 · Source: bailii.org
DH and Others v Czech Republic
Grand Chamber. Roma children placed in special schools at disproportionate rates. Held that Article 14 ECHR (read with Protocol 1, Article 2) is engaged…
Case law ECHR 2007 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2007] ECHR 47 EHRR 3 (Application No. 57325/00) · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Disability Discrimination Act 1995
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
Legislation UK-wide 1995 Status: Historic Certainty: Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Dobbie v Felton [2021] EAT (UKEAT/0130/20)
The case concerned a solicitor who raised concerns about client-relationship charges. The EAT confirmed that where a worker makes a disclosure to a third…
Case law England & Wales 2021 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2021] UKEAT/0130/20 · Source: bailii.org
EHRC Code of Practice — Services, Public Functions and Associations (2026)
Statutory Code of Practice issued by the EHRC under s.14 Equality Act 2006, governing services, public functions and associations. The Code establishes…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2026 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Evolving
Presented to Parliament pursuant to s.14 Equality Act 2006. ISBN 978-1-5286-6395-3. E03578801 05/26. Laid 21 May 2026. · Source: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
EHRC Employment Code of Practice — Supplement
Supplementary guidance accompanying the EHRC Employment Statutory Code of Practice. Provides additional worked examples and detailed scenarios…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2011 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Evolving
Statutory Code Supplement · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
EHRC Employment Statutory Code of Practice (2011)
The EHRC's statutory code of practice on employment, issued under the Equality Act 2010. Provides detailed practical guidance on how the Act applies in…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2011 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Evolving
Statutory Code of Practice · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
EHRC Guidance: Gender Reassignment Discrimination
EHRC's public-facing guidance explaining what the Equality Act says about gender reassignment discrimination, the different types of discrimination…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2019 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Evolving
Non-statutory guidance · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
EHRC Guidance: Sex Discrimination
EHRC's public-facing guidance explaining the Equality Act's provisions on sex discrimination, including the meaning of sex as a protected characteristic,…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2019 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Evolving
Non-statutory guidance · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
EHRC Guidance: Sexual Orientation Discrimination
EHRC's public-facing guidance explaining the Equality Act's provisions on sexual orientation discrimination. Covers the definition of sexual orientation…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2019 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Settled
Non-statutory guidance · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
EHRC Services Code of Practice — Supplement
Supplementary guidance accompanying the EHRC Services Statutory Code of Practice. Provides additional worked examples and detailed scenarios for services,…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2011 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Evolving
Statutory Code Supplement · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
EHRC Services, Public Functions and Associations Statutory Code of Practice (2011)
The EHRC's statutory code of practice on services, public functions and associations. Covers how the Equality Act 2010 applies to the provision of…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2011 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Evolving
Statutory Code of Practice · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
EHRC Technical Guidance on the Public Sector Equality Duty: England
Detailed technical guidance from the EHRC on how the Public Sector Equality Duty (s.149 EA2010) operates in England. Covers the three aims of the duty…
Guidance England 2014 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Evolving
Non-statutory technical guidance · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
Legislation UK-wide 2003 Status: Historic Certainty: Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
Legislation UK-wide 2003 Status: Historic Certainty: Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 1996, Part IVA — Protected Disclosures (ss.43A–43L)
Part IVA of the Employment Rights Act 1996 establishes the categories of qualifying disclosure, the reasonable-belief and public-interest tests, the…
Legislation England, Wales & Scotland 1998 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
c.18, Part IVA (ss.43A–43L) · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 2025
Major Act reshaping UK employment rights. Repeals most of the Trade Union Act 2016 (in force 18 February 2026); introduces day-1 protected disclosures on…
Legislation England, Wales & Scotland 2025 Status: Primary Certainty: Evolving
c.X (Royal Assent 18 December 2025) · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 2025 (Commencement No. 1) Regulations 2026
Brings into force the first set of ERA 2025 provisions: those operative immediately on Royal Assent (18 December 2025) and those operative on 18 February…
Legislation UK-wide 2026 Status: Secondary Certainty: Settled
SI 2026/3 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 2025 (Commencement No. 2 and Amendment) Regulations 2026
Brings into force the 6 April 2026 tranche of ERA 2025 provisions, including s.23 (sexual-harassment protected disclosures), day-1 statutory sick pay…
Legislation UK-wide 2026 Status: Secondary Certainty: Settled
SI 2026/323 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Employment Rights Act 2025, section 23 — Protected disclosures relating to sexual harassment
Amends the whistleblowing framework in ERA 1996 Part IVA to make explicit that disclosures about sexual harassment qualify as protected disclosures.…
Legislation England, Wales & Scotland 2025 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
ERA 2025, s.23 (in force 6 April 2026) · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Equality Act 2010
The principal UK anti-discrimination statute. Consolidates previous equality legislation into a single Act. Defines nine protected characteristics…
Legislation England, Wales & Scotland 2010 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
c.15 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Equality Act 2010 — Explanatory Notes
Official parliamentary notes explaining the purpose and effect of each section of the Equality Act 2010. Frequently cited by courts and tribunals when…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2010 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Settled
c.15 — Explanatory Notes · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Equality Impact Assessment (EqIA) Toolkit
A practical toolkit providing templates and guidance for conducting Equality Impact Assessments (EqIAs). Covers the purpose of EqIAs, when they should be…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2020 Status: Reference Certainty: Settled
Practice guidance · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
Essop v Home Office [2017] UKSC 27
The Supreme Court held that to establish indirect discrimination under the Equality Act 2010, a claimant does not need to prove the reason why a…
Case law England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland 2017 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2017] UKSC 27 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Eweida and Others v United Kingdom [2013] ECHR 37
The Strasbourg Court considered four joined applications by Christian applicants complaining of religious discrimination in employment (Eweida, a British…
Case law ECHR 2013 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Settled
[2013] ECHR 37; (2013) 57 EHRR 8; [2013] IRLR 231 (Applications 48420/10, 59842/10, 51671/10, 36516/10) · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
For Women Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers [2025] UKSC 16
The UK Supreme Court unanimously held that references to 'sex' and related terms ('man', 'woman') in the Equality Act 2010 refer to biological sex, not…
Case law England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland 2025 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2025] UKSC 16 · Source: supremecourt.uk
For Women Scotland v Scottish Ministers (Inner House)
The Second Division of the Inner House dismissed FWS's reclaiming motion, holding that the Gender Representation on Public Boards (Scotland) Act 2018 was…
Case law Scotland 2023 Status: Historic Certainty: Superseded
[2023] CSIH 37; 2023 SLT 1216; P578/22 · Source: bailii.org
Forstater v CGD Europe & Others [2021] UKEAT/0105/20/JOJ
Maya Forstater's appeal against the employment tribunal's finding that her gender-critical beliefs did not qualify for protection under the Equality Act…
Case law England & Wales 2021 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2021] UKEAT/0105/20/JOJ · Source: gov.uk
Gender Pay Gap Reporting Guidance (2026) — recording sex + the GRC-holder data firewall
GEO/WEU statutory guidance on gender-pay-gap reporting. Post-FWS, GPG figures are recorded on biological sex; a GRC holder is recorded by BIRTH sex for…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2026 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Current
GEO/WEU gender pay gap reporting guidance, 2026 edition. PDF + exact paragraph anchors TO ACQUIRE from gov.uk — see _provenance.
Gender Recognition Act 2004
Enables transgender people to obtain legal recognition of their acquired gender through a Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC) issued by a Gender…
Legislation England, Wales & Scotland 2004 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
c.7 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Good Law Project Ltd & Others v Commission for Equality and Human Rights [2026] EWHC 279 (Admin)
Judicial review brought by the Good Law Project and individual claimants (BOT, BNW, BBS) against the EHRC, challenging its interim guidance published…
Case law England & Wales 2026 Status: Primary Certainty: Evolving
[2026] EWHC 279 (Admin) · Source: judiciary.uk
Grainger plc & Others v Nicholson [2009] UKEAT/0219/09/ZT
Mr Justice Burton established the five-part test ('Grainger criteria') for determining whether a philosophical belief qualifies for protection under…
Case law England & Wales 2009 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2009] UKEAT/0219/09/ZT · Source: bailii.org
Grant v HM Land Registry [2011] EWCA Civ 769
Grant v HM Land Registry [2011] EWCA Civ 769 confirms that the correct comparator in a sexual orientation discrimination claim must mirror the claimant's…
Case law England & Wales 2011 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
[2011] EWCA Civ 769 · Source: bailii.org
Hämäläinen v Finland (Application No. 37359/09)
The European Court of Human Rights Grand Chamber held that Finland was within its margin of appreciation in requiring the applicant — who was married — to…
Case law ECHR 2014 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
Application No. 37359/09 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Hampson v Department of Education and Science (House of Lords)
The House of Lords established the test for objective justification of indirect discrimination. The discriminatory condition, criterion or practice must…
Case law England, Wales & Scotland 1990 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[1991] 1 AC 171; [1990] UKHL 15; [1990] ICR 511; [1990] IRLR 302 · Source: bailii.org
Hardys & Hansons plc v Lax [2005] EWCA Civ 846
Hardys & Hansons plc v Lax [2005] EWCA Civ 846 is the leading Court of Appeal authority on the proportionality standard in indirect discrimination. The…
Case law England & Wales 2005 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2005] EWCA Civ 846; [2005] ICR 1565; [2005] IRLR 726 · Source: bailii.org
Haynes v Thomson and Others [2025] EWCC 50
A trans woman with a Gender Recognition Certificate was excluded from women's pool competitions after the English Blackball Pool Federation changed its…
Case law England & Wales 2025 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Evolving
[2025] EWCC 50 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Higgs v Farmor's School [2025] EWCA Civ 109
The Court of Appeal allowed the appeal of a school pastoral assistant who had been dismissed after sharing social media posts critical of gender-identity…
Case law England & Wales 2025 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2025] EWCA Civ 109 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Homer v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [2012] UKSC 15
The claimant was required to hold a law degree to reach the highest pay grade at work. He could not complete the degree before retirement at age 65, so…
Case law UK-wide 2012 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2012] UKSC 15; [2012] ICR 704; [2012] 3 All ER 1287 · Source: supremecourt.uk
House of Commons Library Research Briefing: Gender Recognition and the Equality Act 2010
House of Commons Library research briefing examining the interaction between the Gender Recognition Act 2004 and the Equality Act 2010. Covers…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2024 Status: Reference Certainty: Settled
CBP-10137 · Source: commonslibrary.parliament.uk
How to Consider Equality in Policy Making: A 10-Step Guide for Public Bodies in England
A practical 10-step guide for public bodies to integrate equality considerations into policy development and decision-making. Covers: defining the aims,…
Guidance England 2014 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Settled
Non-statutory guidance · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
Huang v Secretary of State for the Home Department; Kashmiri v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2007] UKHL 11
Joined appeals in which the House of Lords reformulated the approach that appellate immigration authorities must take when considering whether refusal of…
Case law UK-wide 2007 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2007] UKHL 11; [2007] 2 AC 167; [2007] 2 WLR 581 · Source: bailii.org
Human Rights Act 1998
Gives further effect to the rights and freedoms guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in UK domestic law. Public authorities…
Legislation England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland 1998 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
c.42 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Hutchison & Others v County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust (Case No. 2501192/2024 & Others)
Eight female nurses at Darlington Memorial Hospital claimed harassment related to sex and/or gender reassignment (s.26 EA2010), victimisation (s.27), and…
Case law England & Wales 2026 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Evolving
Case No. 2501192/2024 & Others · Source: judiciary.uk
I v The United Kingdom (Application No. 25680/94)
A companion case to Goodwin v UK decided by the same Grand Chamber on the same day (11 July 2002). The European Court of Human Rights held that the United…
Case law ECHR 2002 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
Application No. 25680/94 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
ICO Guidance on Inference of Special Category Data
The ICO's guidance confirms that special category data is not limited to data explicitly labelled as relating to a protected characteristic. Data that…
Guidance UK-wide 2024 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Settled
ICO, 'What is special category data?', updated April 2024 · Source: ico.org.uk
Identoba and Others v Georgia (Application No. 73235/12)
The European Court of Human Rights held that the Georgian authorities’ failure to protect participants in a peaceful LGBT International Day Against…
Case law ECHR 2015 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
Application No. 73235/12 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
James v Eastleigh Borough Council [1990] UKHL 6
A married couple, both aged 61, visited a public swimming pool. The wife was admitted free (she had reached pensionable age of 60) but the husband was…
Case law UK-wide 1990 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[1990] UKHL 6 · Source: bailii.org
Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen [1995] C-450/93
The Bremen Land government operated a rule that where male and female candidates for a post were equally qualified, women were to be given automatic…
Case law EU 1995 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
Case C-450/93 [1995] ECR I-3051; [1995] IRLR 660 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
KB v National Health Service Pensions Agency [2004] C-117/01
The applicant, KB, and her partner (a trans man R) were prevented by UK law from marrying because trans people could not alter their legal sex. This…
Case law EU 2004 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
Case C-117/01 [2004] ECR I-541; [2004] ICR 781; [2004] IRLR 240 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Kelly v Leonardo UK Limited (Case No. 8001497/2024)
B M Kelly brought claims of harassment related to sex, direct sex discrimination and indirect sex discrimination against Leonardo UK Limited. The Tribunal…
Case law Scotland 2025 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Evolving
Case No. 8001497/2024 · Source: gov.uk
Kilraine v Wandsworth London Borough Council [2018] EWCA Civ 1436
Ms Kilraine, a school-improvement adviser employed by Wandsworth LBC, made a series of communications which the tribunal and EAT held did not amount to…
Case law England & Wales 2018 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2018] EWCA Civ 1436; [2018] ICR 1850 · Source: bailii.org
L v Lithuania (Application No. 27527/03)
The European Court of Human Rights held that Lithuania’s failure to enact subordinate legislation giving effect to the gender-recognition framework…
Case law ECHR 2007 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
Application No. 27527/03 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Ladele v London Borough of Islington [2009] EWCA Civ 1357
Ladele establishes that a public authority employer does not discriminate against a religious employee by requiring her to perform all statutory duties,…
Case law England & Wales 2009 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2009] EWCA Civ 1357; [2010] 1 WLR 955; [2010] ICR 532; [2010] IRLR 211 · Source: bailii.org
Lockwood v Cheshire and Wirral NHS Foundation Trust [2025] ET 2401211/2024
A non-binary individual assigned female at birth who used they/them pronouns but had no intention of transitioning to male brought claims of gender…
Case law England & Wales 2025 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Evolving
ET 2401211/2024 & 2407178/2024 · Source: gov.uk
LS v NHS England — Employment Tribunal judgment (Leeds, Case No 1802318/2024)
First reported Employment Tribunal decision applying For Women Scotland [2025] UKSC 16 and R (Good Law Project) v EHRC [2026] EWHC 279 (Admin) together to…
Case law England & Wales 2026 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Evolving
ET Leeds, Case No 1802318/2024
Mackereth v Department for Work and Pensions [2022] EAT 99
Dr Mackereth, a DWP health assessor, refused on grounds of Christian belief to use transgender service users' preferred pronouns. The Employment Tribunal…
Case law England & Wales 2022 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
[2022] EAT 99 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Marschall v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1997] C-409/95
A North Rhine-Westphalia rule gave women priority over equally-qualified men in promotion where women were under-represented, but contained a 'saving…
Case law EU 1997 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
Case C-409/95 [1997] ECR I-6363; [1997] IRLR 39 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Meade v Westminster City Council and Social Work England [2023] ET 2211483/2022
Rachel Meade, a social worker, faced disciplinary investigation by her employer (Westminster City Council) and a fitness-to-practise investigation by her…
Case law England & Wales 2023 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
ET 2211483/2022 · Source: gov.uk
Mr M Furlong v The Chief Constable of Cheshire Police [2019]
Cheshire Constabulary was held to have unlawfully discriminated against a heterosexual white male candidate by applying positive action under s.159 EA…
Case law England & Wales 2019 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
Case No. 2405577/2018 (ET, 25 July 2019) · Source: gov.uk
Nagarajan v London Regional Transport (House of Lords)
The House of Lords held that conscious motivation is not required for race discrimination (or discrimination on any protected characteristic):…
Case law England, Wales & Scotland 1999 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2000] 1 AC 501; [1999] UKHL 36 · Source: bailii.org
P v S and Cornwall County Council (Case C-13/94)
The Court of Justice of the European Communities ruled that dismissing an employee for undergoing gender reassignment constitutes discrimination on…
Case law EU 1996 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
Case C-13/94 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Parkins v Sodexho Ltd [2002] IRLR 109 (EAT)
A catering manager raised concerns about breaches of his own employment contract. The EAT (Altman J) held that a worker's disclosure of a breach of their…
Case law England & Wales 2002 Status: Primary Certainty: Narrowed
[2002] IRLR 109; UKEAT/1239/00 · Source: employmentappeals.decisions.tribunals.gov.uk
Peggie v Fife Health Board & Dr B Upton (Case No. 4104864/2024)
S Peggie brought claims against Fife Health Board and Dr B Upton. Scottish Employment Tribunal case dealing with trans inclusion in an NHS workplace…
Case law Scotland 2025 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Evolving
Case No. 4104864/2024 · Source: gov.uk
R (on the application of Ayinde) v London Borough of Haringey
Practitioners who use AI to prepare documents put before a court remain responsible for supervision and accuracy. Failure to check AI-assisted work may…
Case law England & Wales 2025 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Settled
[2025] EWHC 1383 (Admin) · Source: bailii.org
R (on the application of Elan-Cane) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2021] UKSC 56
The appellant, a non-gendered person, challenged HM Passport Office policy requiring passport applicants to declare gender as male or female, with no 'X'…
Case law UK-wide 2021 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2021] UKSC 56; [2023] AC 559; [2022] 2 WLR 133 · Source: supremecourt.uk
R (Quila) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] UKSC 45
Two couples challenged an Immigration Rule (paragraph 277) that required both sponsor and foreign spouse to be aged 21 or over before a marriage visa…
Case law UK-wide 2011 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2011] UKSC 45; [2012] 1 AC 621 · Source: bailii.org
R (Z) v Hackney London Borough Council (Supreme Court)
The Supreme Court held that a Jewish housing charity (Agudas Israel Housing Association) that restricted housing allocations to members of the Orthodox…
Case law England & Wales 2020 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2020] UKSC 40; [2020] 1 WLR 4327 · Source: bailii.org
Race Relations Act 1976
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
Legislation UK-wide 1976 Status: Historic Certainty: Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Rice v Wicked Vision Limited; Barton Turns Developments Limited v Treadwell
Joint appeals on the interaction between s.47B Employment Rights Act 1996 (whistleblowing detriment) and s.103A (automatic unfair dismissal). The Court of…
Case law England & Wales 2025 Status: Primary Certainty: Evolving
[2025] EWCA Civ 1466 · Source: bailii.org
Richards v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2006] C-423/04
The claimant, a trans woman who had lived and worked as female since 1991, was refused a state retirement pension at the age of 60 (the then-female…
Case law EU 2006 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
Case C-423/04 [2006] ECR I-3585; [2006] ICR 1181; [2006] IRLR 604 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
Rollett v British Airways & Others [2024] EAT 131
The EAT held that a claimant can bring an indirect discrimination claim under s.19 EA2010 even where they do not personally possess the relevant protected…
Case law England & Wales 2024 Status: Secondary Certainty: Evolving
[2024] EAT 131 · Source: caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Rowstock v Jessemey (Court of Appeal)
The Court of Appeal confirmed that EA 2010 s.108 does protect against post-employment victimisation, resolving a drafting lacuna. The Act was drafted in a…
Case law England & Wales 2014 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2014] EWCA Civ 185; [2014] ICR 550; [2014] IRLR 368; [2014] Eq LR 355 · Source: bailii.org
Sex Discrimination Act 1975
Predecessor anti-discrimination/data-protection statute, now consolidated into Equality Act 2010.
Legislation UK-wide 1975 Status: Historic Certainty: Superseded
Source: legislation.gov.uk
Shamoon v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary [2003] UKHL 11
Chief Inspector Shamoon was stripped of her counselling and appraisal responsibilities for constables following Police Federation representations — a…
Case law UK-wide 2003 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2003] UKHL 11 · Source: bailii.org
Smith v Safeway plc [1996] ICR 868
Smith v Safeway plc [1996] ICR 868 is the Court of Appeal authority restoring the 'balanced package' approach to gender-differentiated appearance codes…
Case law England & Wales 1996 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Narrowed
[1996] ICR 868 · Source: bailii.org
Sutcliffe v Secretary of State for Education [2024] EWHC 1878 (Admin)
A maths teacher was struck off the teaching register by the Teaching Regulation Agency after deliberately misgendering a trans pupil and making adverse…
Case law England & Wales 2024 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Settled
[2024] EWHC 1878 (Admin); Case No. AC-2023-LON-001788 · Source: judiciary.uk
Taylor v Jaguar Land Rover Ltd (Case No. 1304471/2018)
Rose Taylor, who identifies as gender fluid / non-binary, brought claims of harassment and direct discrimination against Jaguar Land Rover. The Employment…
Case law England & Wales 2020 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Evolving
Case No. 1304471/2018 · Source: gov.uk
The Essential Guide to the Public Sector Equality Duty: England (and Non-Devolved Public Authorities in Scotland and Wales)
An accessible guide to the Public Sector Equality Duty for public bodies in England and non-devolved authorities. Explains the general duty, the specific…
Guidance England, Wales & Scotland 2014 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Settled
Non-statutory guidance · Source: equalityhumanrights.com
Thlimmenos v Greece
Grand Chamber. Established that Article 14 ECHR is violated not only when states treat similarly-situated persons differently without justification but…
Case law ECHR 2000 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2000] 31 EHRR 15 (Application No. 34369/97) · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Toshack v GEO Amey Ltd [2026] ET 8001392/2025
Mr Toshack, a Prison Custody Officer on probation, was dismissed by GEO Amey after refusing to use transgender prisoners' preferred pronouns or record…
Case law Scotland 2026 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Settled
8001392/2025 · Source: gov.uk
UK General Data Protection Regulation
The UK's retained version of the EU General Data Protection Regulation. Establishes principles for data processing (lawfulness, fairness, transparency,…
Legislation England, Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland 2018 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
Retained EU Regulation 2016/679 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
UK v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2026] UKUT 81 (Hamid)
First English/Welsh tribunal or court decision directly addressing the implications for legal professional privilege when confidential or privileged…
Case law UK-wide 2026 Status: Persuasive Certainty: Evolving
[2026] UKUT 81 · Source: bailii.org
Unite the Union v Nailard (Court of Appeal)
The Court of Appeal held that a trade union can be vicariously liable for sexual harassment committed by its elected officials acting in their official…
Case law England & Wales 2018 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2018] EWCA Civ 1203; [2019] ICR 28; [2018] IRLR 730 · Source: bailii.org
Van Kück v Germany (Application No. 35968/97)
The European Court of Human Rights held that the manner in which German civil courts evaluated evidence of the medical necessity of gender-confirming…
Case law ECHR 2003 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
Application No. 35968/97 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
Vento v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police (No. 2) [2002] EWCA Civ 1871
Vento is the leading Court of Appeal authority on quantum for injury to feelings in employment discrimination claims. The court held that awards must be…
Case law England & Wales 2002 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[2002] EWCA Civ 1871; [2003] ICR 318; [2003] IRLR 102 · Source: bailii.org
Warburton v Chief Constable of Northamptonshire Police (EAT)
The EAT allowed an appeal against an Employment Tribunal's finding of no victimisation. The EAT held the tribunal had applied the wrong test for (a)…
Case law England & Wales 2022 Status: Authoritative Certainty: Settled
[2022] EAT 42; [2022] ICR 925 · Source: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (No.2) [1995] UKHL 13
Webb v EMO Air Cargo establishes that dismissing a woman because of pregnancy constitutes direct sex discrimination contrary to EU Directive 76/207/EEC,…
Case law UK-wide 1995 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
[1995] UKHL 13 · Source: bailii.org
Worker Protection (Amendment of Equality Act 2010) Act 2023 — inserting EA2010 s.40A (preventative duty on sexual harassment)
The Worker Protection Act 2023 amends the Equality Act 2010 to introduce a new preventative duty on employers. Under EA2010 s.40A (inserted by WPA 2023),…
Legislation England, Wales & Scotland 2023 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
c.51 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992
Regulations under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 setting minimum standards for workplace welfare, including sanitary conveniences, washing…
Legislation England, Wales & Scotland 1992 Status: Secondary Certainty: Settled
SI 1992/3004 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
X and Y v Romania (Application Nos. 2145/16 and 20607/16)
The European Court of Human Rights held that Romania’s requirement of surgical gender-confirming intervention as a precondition for changing civil-status…
Case law ECHR 2021 Status: Primary Certainty: Settled
Application Nos. 2145/16, 20607/16 · Source: hudoc.echr.coe.int
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